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      The effect of egg supplementation on growth parameters in children participating in a school feeding program in rural Uganda: a pilot study

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: School feeding programs have gained popularity in developing countries . Eggs are an inexpensive source of micronutrients and high-quality protein. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gain preliminary data regarding the impact of egg supplementation on growth in primary school students participating in a school feeding program in rural Uganda.

          Methods: Children (ages 6–9; n = 241) were recruited from three different schools located throughout the Kitgum District of Uganda. All participants in the same school received the same dietary intervention: control (no eggs (0 eggs); n = 56), one egg five days per week (1 egg; n = 89), or two eggs five days per week (2 eggs; n = 96). Height, weight, tricep skinfold thickness (TSF), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were measured monthly over 6 months.

          Results: Following six months of egg supplementation, participants receiving 2 eggs had a greater increase in height and weight compared to the 0 eggs and 1 egg groups (P < 0.05). In addition, participants receiving 1 egg and 2 eggs had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) increase in MUAC at six months compared to 0 eggs.

          Conclusion: These results suggest that supplementation with eggs can improve parameters of growth in school-aged children participating in school feeding programs in rural Uganda.

          Abbreviations: MUAC: Mid-Upper Arm Circumference; TSF: Tricep Skinfold Thickness

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          Eggs: the uncracked potential for improving maternal and young child nutrition among the world's poor.

          Lora L Iannotti, Chessa Lutter, David A Bunn … (2014)
          Eggs have been consumed throughout human history, though the full potential of this nutritionally complete food has yet to be realized in many resource-poor settings around the world. Eggs provide essential fatty acids, proteins, choline, vitamins A and B12 , selenium, and other critical nutrients at levels above or comparable to those found in other animal-source foods, but they are relatively more affordable. Cultural beliefs about the digestibility and cleanliness of eggs, as well as environmental concerns arising from hygiene practices and toxin exposures, remain as barriers to widespread egg consumption. There is also regional variability in egg intake levels. In Latin American countries, on average, greater proportions of young children consume eggs than in Asian or African countries. In China and Indonesia, nutrition education and social marketing have been associated with greater amounts of eggs in the diets of young children, though generally, evidence from interventions is minimal. Homestead chicken-and-egg production with appropriate vaccination, extension service, and other supports can simultaneously address poverty and nutrition in very poor rural households. With undernutrition remaining a significant problem in many parts of the world, eggs may be an uncracked part of the solution.
          Article 0 comments Cited 90 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Egg and Egg-Derived Foods: Effects on Human Health and Use as Functional Foods

            José M. Miranda, Xaquin Anton, Celia Redondo-Valbuena … (2015)
            Eggs are sources of protein, fats and micronutrients that play an important role in basic nutrition. However, eggs are traditionally associated with adverse factors in human health, mainly due to their cholesterol content. Nowadays, however, it is known that the response of cholesterol in human serum levels to dietary cholesterol consumption depends on several factors, such as ethnicity, genetic makeup, hormonal factors and the nutritional status of the consumer. Additionally, in recent decades, there has been an increasing demand for functional foods, which is expected to continue to increase in the future, owing to their capacity to decrease the risks of some diseases and socio-demographic factors such as the increase in life expectancy. This work offers a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of egg consumption and the potential market of functional eggs, and it explores the possibilities of the development of functional eggs by technological methods.
            Article 0 comments Cited 80 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              School feeding programs in developing countries: impacts on children's health and educational outcomes.

              Jill McDonnell, Claudia Probart, H Jomaa (2011)
              School feeding programs (SFPs) are intended to alleviate short-term hunger, improve nutrition and cognition of children, and transfer income to families. The present review explores the impact of SFPs on nutritional, health, and educational outcomes of school-aged children in developing countries. Peer-reviewed journal articles and reviews published in the past 20 years were identified and screened for inclusion. Analysis of the articles revealed relatively consistent positive effects of school feeding in its different modalities on energy intake, micronutrient status, school enrollment, and attendance of the children participating in SFPs compared to non-participants. However, the positive impact of school feeding on growth, cognition, and academic achievement of school-aged children receiving SFPs compared to non-school-fed children was less conclusive. This review identifies research gaps and challenges that need to be addressed in the design and implementation of SFPs and calls for theory-based impact evaluations to strengthen the scientific evidence behind designing, funding, and implementing SFPs. © 2011 International Life Sciences Institute.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Food Nutr Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Food Nutr Res
                Journal ID (archive): ZFNR
                Journal ID (publisher-id): zfnr20
                Title: Food & Nutrition Research
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Electronic): 1654-661X
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 June 2017
                Volume: 61
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1330097
                Affiliations
                [ a ]Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR, USA
                [ b ]Department of Agricultural Education, Communications and Technology, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, AR, USA
                Author notes
                CONTACT Jamie I. Baum baum@ 123456uark.edu Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas , 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1330097
                DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1330097
                PMC ID: 5475308
                PubMed ID: 28659739
                SO-VID: ead34145-1f6d-4052-a050-d6ba6661f414
                Copyright © © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 22 December 2016
                Date accepted : 7 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, References: 15, Pages: 3957
                Funding
                This work was supported by the Egg Nutrition Center/American Egg Board.
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Subject: Transferred Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: children,uganda,eggs,growth,mid-upper arm circumference,school feeding program,human nutrition
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: children, uganda, eggs, growth, mid-upper arm circumference, school feeding program, human nutrition

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