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      Covid and mental health in America

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      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Using 44 sweeps of the US Census Household Pulse Survey data for the period April 2020 to April 22 we track the evolution of the mental health of just over three million Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find anxiety, depression and worry had two major peaks in 2020 but improved in 2021 and 2022. We show that a variable we construct based on daily inflows of COVID cases by county, aggregated up to state, is positively associated with worse mental health, having conditioned on state fixed effects and seasonality in mental health. However, the size of the effect declines in 2021 and 2022 as vaccination rates rise. For women and college educated men having a vaccine improved mental health. However, being vaccinated worsens mental health among less educated men.

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          Most cited references38

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          Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

          Key Points Question What is the burden of depression symptoms among US adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic compared with before COVID-19, and what are the risk factors associated with depression symptoms? Findings In this survey study that included 1441 respondents from during the COVID-19 pandemic and 5065 respondents from before the pandemic, depression symptom prevalence was more than 3-fold higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. Lower income, having less than $5000 in savings, and having exposure to more stressors were associated with greater risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that there is a high burden of depression symptoms in the US associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and that this burden falls disproportionately on individuals who are already at increased risk.
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            Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020

            This study used national survey data to compare the prevalence symptoms of psychological distress and loneliness among US adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in April 2020 vs those reported in the National Health Interview Survey in 2018.
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              Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study

              Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a range of negative social and economic effects that may contribute to a rise in mental health problems. In this observational population-based study, we examined longitudinal changes in the prevalence of mental health problems from before to during the COVID-19 crisis and identified subgroups that are psychologically vulnerable during the pandemic. Methods Participants (N = 14 393; observations = 48 486) were adults drawn from wave 9 (2017–2019) of the nationally representative United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) and followed-up across three waves of assessment in April, May, and June 2020. Mental health problems were assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results The population prevalence of mental health problems (GHQ-12 score ⩾3) increased by 13.5 percentage points from 24.3% in 2017–2019 to 37.8% in April 2020 and remained elevated in May (34.7%) and June (31.9%) 2020. All sociodemographic groups examined showed statistically significant increases in mental health problems in April 2020. The increase was largest among those aged 18–34 years (18.6 percentage points, 95% CI 14.3–22.9%), followed by females and high-income and education groups. Levels of mental health problems subsequently declined between April and June 2020 but remained significantly above pre-COVID-19 levels. Additional analyses showed that the rise in mental health problems observed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic was unlikely to be due to seasonality or year-to-year variation. Conclusions This study suggests that a pronounced and prolonged deterioration in mental health occurred as the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the UK between April and June 2020.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                22 July 2022
                2022
                22 July 2022
                : 17
                : 7
                : e0269855
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
                [2 ] Adam Smith School of Business, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
                [3 ] NBER, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
                [4 ] UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
                University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), LUXEMBOURG
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-7039
                Article
                PONE-D-22-02066
                10.1371/journal.pone.0269855
                9307159
                35867704
                e9e0d1e4-d75f-457f-ad67-ffc2bcc8fe17
                © 2022 Blanchflower, Bryson

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 March 2022
                : 30 May 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 8, Pages: 24
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Viral Diseases
                Covid 19
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Vaccination and Immunization
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Vaccination and Immunization
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Preventive Medicine
                Vaccination and Immunization
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Pandemics
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Infectious Disease Control
                Vaccines
                Viral Vaccines
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Virology
                Viral Vaccines
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                North America
                United States
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Census
                Custom metadata
                Household Pulse survey here: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey/datasets.html. BRFSS here: https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html.
                COVID-19

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                Uncategorized

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