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      Bidirectional Causal Associations Between Same-Sex Attraction and Psychological Distress: Testing Moderation and Mediation Effects

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          Abstract

          Only one study has examined bidirectional causality between sexual minority status (having same-sex attraction) and psychological distress. We combined twin and genomic data from 8700 to 9700 participants in the UK Twins Early Development Study cohort at ≈21 years to replicate and extend these bidirectional causal effects using separate unidirectional Mendelian Randomization-Direction of Causation models. We further modified these models to separately investigate sex differences, moderation by childhood factors (retrospectively-assessed early-life adversity and prospectively-assessed childhood gender nonconformity), and mediation by victimization. All analyses were carried out in OpenMx in R. Same-sex attraction causally influenced psychological distress with significant reverse causation (beta = 0.19 and 0.17; 95% CIs = 0.09, 0.29 and 0.08, 0.25 respectively) and no significant sex differences. The same-sex attraction → psychological distress causal path was partly mediated by victimization (12.5%) while the reverse causal path was attenuated by higher childhood gender nonconformity (moderation coefficient = −0.09, 95% CI: −0.13, −0.04).

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10519-022-10130-x.

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          Most cited references64

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          Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence.

          Ilan Meyer (2003)
          In this article the author reviews research evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, using meta-analyses, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorders than heterosexuals. The author offers a conceptual framework for understanding this excess in prevalence of disorder in terms of minority stress--explaining that stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile and stressful social environment that causes mental health problems. The model describes stress processes, including the experience of prejudice events, expectations of rejection, hiding and concealing, internalized homophobia, and ameliorative coping processes. This conceptual framework is the basis for the review of research evidence, suggestions for future research directions, and exploration of public policy implications.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1631 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions

            David M. Howard, Mark J. Adams, Toni‐Kim Clarke … (2019)
            Major depression is a debilitating psychiatric illness that is typically associated with low mood and anhedonia. Depression has a heritable component that has remained difficult to elucidate with current sample sizes due to the polygenic nature of the disorder. To maximize sample size, we meta-analyzed data on 807,553 individuals (246,363 cases and 561,190 controls) from the three largest genome-wide association studies of depression. We identified 102 independent variants, 269 genes, and 15 genesets associated with depression, including both genes and gene pathways associated with synaptic structure and neurotransmission. An enrichment analysis provided further evidence of the importance of prefrontal brain regions. In an independent replication sample of 1,306,354 individuals (414,055 cases and 892,299 controls), 87 of the 102 associated variants were significant after multiple testing correction. These findings advance our understanding of the complex genetic architecture of depression and provide several future avenues for understanding etiology and developing new treatment approaches.
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              A critique of the cross-lagged panel model.

              Ellen Hamaker, Rebecca Kuiper, Raoul P. P. P. Grasman (2015)
              The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is believed by many to overcome the problems associated with the use of cross-lagged correlations as a way to study causal influences in longitudinal panel data. The current article, however, shows that if stability of constructs is to some extent of a trait-like, time-invariant nature, the autoregressive relationships of the CLPM fail to adequately account for this. As a result, the lagged parameters that are obtained with the CLPM do not represent the actual within-person relationships over time, and this may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the presence, predominance, and sign of causal influences. In this article we present an alternative model that separates the within-person process from stable between-person differences through the inclusion of random intercepts, and we discuss how this model is related to existing structural equation models that include cross-lagged relationships. We derive the analytical relationship between the cross-lagged parameters from the CLPM and the alternative model, and use simulations to demonstrate the spurious results that may arise when using the CLPM to analyze data that include stable, trait-like individual differences. We also present a modeling strategy to avoid this pitfall and illustrate this using an empirical data set. The implications for both existing and future cross-lagged panel research are discussed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 582 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Olakunle A. Oginni:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9429
                olakunle.oginni@kcl.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Behav Genet
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Behav Genet
                Title: Behavior Genetics
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0001-8244
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3297
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 December 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 December 2022
                Publication date (Print): 2023
                Volume: 53
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 118-131
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.13097.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, The Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, , King’s College London, ; Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.10824.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 9444, Department of Mental Health, , Obafemi Awolowo University, ; Ile-Ife, Nigeria
                [3 ]GRID grid.13097.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, , King’s College London, ; London, UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.13797.3b, ISNI 0000 0001 2235 8415, Department of Psychology, , Åbo Akademi University, ; Åbo, Finland
                [5 ]GRID grid.440841.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0700 1506, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, , Anton de Kom University, ; Paramaribo, Suriname
                Author notes

                Handling Editor: Yoon-Mi Hur.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9429
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10130
                DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10130-x
                PMC ID: 9922221
                PubMed ID: 36520248
                SO-VID: e9cc602b-a93c-4b8c-b967-8689a6f0d790
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 12 June 2022
                Date accepted : 7 December 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Keywords: same-sex attraction,psychological distress,minority stress,causality,mediation,moderation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Keywords: same-sex attraction, psychological distress, minority stress, causality, mediation, moderation

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