Physical, Mechanical, and Anti‐Biofilm Formation Properties of CAD‐CAM Milled or 3D Printed Denture Base Resins: In Vitro Analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate surface characteristics (roughness and contact angle), anti‐biofilm formation, and mechanical properties (mini‐flexural strength) of computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer, and three‐dimensional (3D) printed resin for denture base fabrication compared with conventional heat polymerized denture base resins.

Materials and methods

A total of 60 discs and 40 rectangular specimens were fabricated from one CAD‐CAM (AvaDent), one 3D printed (Cosmos Denture), and two conventional heat polymerized (Lucitone 199 and VipiWave) materials for denture base fabrication. Roughness was determined by Ra value; the contact angle was measured by the sessile drop method. The biofilm formation inhibition behavior was analyzed through Candida albicans adhesion, while mini‐flexural strength test was done using a three‐point bending test. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (α = 0.05).

Results

The CAD‐CAM PMMA group showed the lowest C. albicans adhesion (log CFU/mL: 3.74 ± 0.57) and highest mini‐flexural strength mean (114.96 ± 16.23 MPa). 3D printed specimens presented the highest surface roughness (Ra: 0.317 ± 0.151 μm) and lowest mini‐flexural strength values (57.23 ± 9.07 MPa). However, there was no statistical difference between CAD‐CAM PMMA and conventional groups for roughness, contact angle, and mini‐flexural strength.

Conclusions

CAD‐CAM milled materials present surface and mechanical properties similar to conventional resins and show improved behavior in preventing C. albicans adhesion. Nevertheless, 3D printed resins present decreased mini‐flexural strength.

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Most cited references 35

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The influence of abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and peri-implant mucositis.

W Papaioanno, J. W. A. M. den Teuling, E Schepers … (1996)

Bacterial adhesion to intra-oral, hard surfaces is firmly influenced by the surface roughness to these structures. Previous studies showed a remarkable higher subgingival bacterial load on rough surfaces when compared to smooth sites. More recently, the additional effect of a further smoothening of intra-oral hard surfaces on clinical and microbiological parameters was examined in a short-term experiment. The results indicated that a reduction in surface roughness below R(a) = 0.2 microns, the so-called "thresholds R(a)", had no further effect on the quantitative/qualitative microbiological adhesion or colonisation, neither supra- nor subgingivally. This study aims to examine the long-term effects of smoothening intra-oral hard transgingival surfaces. In 6 patients expecting an overdenture in the lower jaw, supported by endosseus titanium implants, 2 different abutments (transmucosal part of the implant): a standard machined titanium (R(a) = 0.2 microns) and one highly polished and made of a ceramic material (R(a) = 0.06 microns) were randomly installed. After 3 months of intra-oral exposure, supra- and subgingival plaque samples from both abutments were compared with each other by means of differential phase-contrast microscopy (DPCM). Clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth, gingival recession, bleeding upon probing and Periotest-value) were recorded around each abutment. After 12 months, the supra- and subgingival samples were additionally cultured in aerobic, CO2-enriched and anaerobic conditions. The same clinical parameters as at the 3-month interval were recorded after 12 months. At 3 months, spirochetes and motile organisms were only detected subgingivally around the titanium abutments. After 12 months, however, both abutment-types harboured equal proportions of spirochetes and motile organisms, both supra- and subgingivally. The microbial culturing (month 12) failed to detect large inter-abutment differences. The differences in number of colony- forming units (aerobic and anaerobic) were within one division of a logarithmic scale. The aerobic culture data showed a higher proportion of Gram-negative organisms in the subgingival flora of the rougher abutments. From the group of potentially "pathogenic" bacteria, only Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected for anaerobic culturing and again the inter-abutment differences were negligible. Clinically, the smoothest abutment showed a slightly higher increase in probing depth between months 3 and 12, and more bleeding on probing. The present results confirm the findings of our previous short-term study, indicating that a further reduction of the surface roughness, below a certain "threshold R(a)" (0.2 microns), has no major impact on the supra- and subgingival microbial composition.

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In this work the room-temperature photopolymerization of Bis-GMA, Bis-EMA, urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) induced by camphoroquinone/N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, as photo-initiator system, was followed by FT-IR. The results obtained were then fitted by a non-linear least square method to a rational function, which permitted the accurate calculation of the limiting degree of conversion. The latter was found to increase in the order Bis-GMA < Bis-EMA < UDMA < TEGDMA. This trend is discussed in connection with the chemical structure of dimethacrylates. The photopolymerization of mixtures of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, Bis-GMA/UDMA and Bis-GMA/Bis-EMA showed a good linear relationship of degree of conversion with the mole fraction of Bis-GMA and in the case of the first pair also with the Tg of the initial monomer mixture.

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Printing accuracy, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations

Ji Shim, Jong-Eun Kim, Sang Hoon Jeong … (2019)

Printing orientation is an important decision in the initial steps of additive manufacturing, affecting printing accuracy and the mechanical properties of printed products. In addition, printing orientation determines the building direction of layers and the layer-by-layer configuration forming the surface geometry.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Rodrigo Falcão Carvalho Porto de Freitas: (View ORCID Profile)

Sabrina Feitosa: (View ORCID Profile)

Vinicius Dutra: (View ORCID Profile)

Wei‐Shao Lin: (View ORCID Profile)

Beatriz Helena Dias Panariello: (View ORCID Profile)

Adriana da Fonte Porto Carreiro: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Title: Journal of Prosthodontics

Abbreviated Title: Journal of Prosthodontics

Publisher: Wiley

ISSN (Print): 1059-941X

ISSN (Electronic): 1532-849X

Publication date Created: April 2023

Publication date (Electronic): July 09 2022

Publication date (Print): April 2023

Volume: 32

Issue: S1

Pages: 38-44

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Dentistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil

[2 ] Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN

[3 ] Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Division of Biomedical and Applied Sciences Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN

[4 ] Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN

[5 ] Department of Prosthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN

Article

DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13554

PubMed ID: 35661475

SO-VID: e9bd87f0-4884-4d32-a935-bcaf5968de3b

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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Physical, Mechanical, and Anti‐Biofilm Formation Properties of CAD‐CAM Milled or 3D Printed Denture Base Resins: In Vitro Analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Bacterial vaginosis and biofilm

Most cited references 35

The influence of abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and peri-implant mucositis.

Effect of chemical structure on degree of conversion in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins.

Printing accuracy, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations

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