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      Molecular detection of Leishmania species in Sand Flies by PCR-RFLP technique in refugee camps Translated title: [Detecção molecular de espécies de Leishmania em flebotomíneos por meio da técnica PCR-RFLP em campos de refugiados]

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is one of the most important health dilemmas facing the World Health Organization (WHO), due to it being widespread and the great diversity of sand flies that transmit it. This study aimed to detect the presence of Leishmania parasites in the sand flies spread in Refugee camps by PCR- RLFP technique. A total of 437 sandflies were collected and classified into two species Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti. DNA was extracted from the female fly species, then the PCR reaction was amplified by two primers (LITSR, L5.8S) that transcribed a partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 gene for Leishmania parasite with a length of 320 bp. PCR showed the presence of Leishmania DNA in females of both P. papatasi (10%) and P. sergenti (20%). To determine Leishmania species transmitted by the two previous fly species, the RFLP-PCR technique was performed by the HaeIII enzyme for Leishmania DNA extracted from them. RFLP-PCR showed that P. papatasi females transmitted Leishmania major and P. sergenti females transmitted Leishmania tropica in Refugee camps. It could be concluded that leishmaniasis is widely distributed in Refugee camps due to the presence of its vector.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A leishmaniose é um dos mais importantes dilemas de saúde enfrentados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) devido à sua ampla disseminação e à grande diversidade de flebotomíneos que a transmitem. Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a presença de parasitas de Leishmania nos flebotomíneos espalhados em campos de refugiados por meio da técnica PCR-RLFP. Um total de 437 flebotomíneos foi coletado e classificado em duas espécies: Phlebotomus papatasi e Phlebotomus sergenti. O DNA foi extraído das espécies de flebotomíneos das fêmeas e, em seguida, a reação de PCR foi amplificada por dois primers (LITSR, L5.8S) que transcreveram um gene parcial do espaçador transcrito interno (ITS)-1 para o parasita Leishmania com um comprimento de 320 pb. A PCR mostrou a presença de DNA de Leishmania em fêmeas de P. papatasi (10%) e P. sergenti (20%). Para determinar as espécies de Leishmania transmitidas pelas duas espécies de moscas anteriores, a técnica de RFLP-PCR foi realizada pela enzima HaeIII para o DNA de Leishmania extraído delas. A RFLP-PCR mostrou que as fêmeas de P. papatasi transmitiam Leishmania major e as fêmeas de P. sergenti transmitiam Leishmania tropica nos campos de refugiados. Pode-se concluir que a leishmaniose está amplamente distribuída nos campos de refugiados devido à presença de seu vetor.

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          PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples.

          Leishmaniasis diagnosis in regions where multiple species exist should identify each species directly in the clinical sample without parasite culturing. The sensitivity of two PCR approaches which amplify part of the ssu rRNA gene and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), respectively, was determined using human and dog blood seeded with Leishmania promastigotes. ssu-rDNA-PCR was more sensitive than ITS1-PCR, however species identification was not possible by the former approach. When a nested ITS1-PCR was used its sensitivity equaled the ssu-rDNA-PCR. Digestion of ITS1 amplicon with the restriction enzyme HaeIII distinguished all medically relevant Leishmania species. ITS1-PCR was used to diagnose 162 local and imported suspected cases of leishmaniasis in Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Germany. 113 cases (69.7%) were positive by PCR and species identification was possible in 110 samples. Leishmania DNA was also amplified and identified at the species level from archived non-stained and Giemsa stained microscope slides.
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            Nested PCRs and sequencing of nuclear ITS-rDNA fragments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sandflies from Iranian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.

            To identify and understand the natural transmission cycles of Leishmania in Iranian sandflies. Nested PCR protocols were developed to amplify two regions of the ribosomal RNA amplicon of Leishmania (ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene, and a microsatellite DNA region of ITS2), which were species-specific by DNA sequence or fragment size. The PCR assays detected in Iranian sandflies not only Leishmania major but also for the first time L. turanica and L. gerbilli sensu lato, two other parasites of the great gerbil. All three parasites were found in the northeast and centre of Iran, in two foci of rural Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by L. major. Fifty infections were detected in common sandfly species: at least six geographically differentiated haplotypes of L. major in four to five sandfly species; one strain of L. gerbilli s.l. in five to six sandfly species and one strain of L. turanica in one sandfly species. Past conclusions about the transmission cycles of L. major in Iran should be treated with caution. Careful molecular eco-epidemiological investigations are essential for modelling the roles of different sandfly species in maintaining and spreading ZCL foci. Even if non-pathogenic to humans, frequent inoculations of L. turanica by sandflies might alter the efficacy of vaccines against L. major. Phlebotomus papatasi is probably the key vector in many ZCL foci because of its abundance and high infection rates with both L. major and L. turanica.
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              Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential diagnosis, diagnosis, histopathology, and management.

              The diagnosis of leishmaniasis can be challenging because it mimics both infectious and malignant conditions. A misdiagnosis may lead to an unfavorable outcome. Using culture, histologic, and/or polymerase chain reaction study results, a diagnosis of leishmaniasis can be established and treatment initiated. Appropriate management requires an accurate diagnosis, which often includes identification of the specific etiologic species. Different endemic areas have varying sensitivities to the same medication, even within individual species. Species identification may be of practical value, because infections with select species have a substantial risk of visceral involvement. In addition, HIV and otherwise immunocompromised patients with leishmaniasis have a propensity for diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. For most New World Leishmania species, parenteral antimonial drugs remain the first line of therapy, while Old World species are easily treated with physical modalities. Historically, live organism vaccination has been used and is effective in preventing leishmaniasis, but results in an inoculation scar and an incubation period that may last for years. A more effective method of vaccination would be welcome.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abmvz
                Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
                Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
                Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil )
                0102-0935
                1678-4162
                2024
                : 76
                : 4
                : e13178
                Affiliations
                [4] Foshan Guangdong Province orgnameFoshan University orgdiv1College of Life Science and Engineering China
                [1] Aleppo orgnameUniversity of Aleppo orgdiv1Faculty of Science orgdiv2Department of Animal Biology Syria
                [3] Riyadh Riyadh orgnameKing Saud University orgdiv1College of Medicine Saudi Arabia
                [5] Kafr el-Sheikh Kafr-el Sheikh orgnameKafrelsheikh University orgdiv1Faculty of Science Egypt
                [2] Riyadh Riyadh orgnameKing Saud University orgdiv1College of Science orgdiv2Department of Zoology Saudi Arabia
                [6] Dera GhaziKhan orgnameGhazi University orgdiv1Faculty of Agriculture Sciences orgdiv2Department of Plant Protection Pakistan
                Article
                S0102-09352024000400110 S0102-0935(24)07600400110
                10.1590/1678-4162-13178
                e9b1a1c2-ec82-43e0-9682-ac846cf2de09

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 January 2024
                : 06 November 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article - Veterinary Medicine

                enzima HaeIII,P. papatasi,P. sergentii,RFLP-PCR,Leishmania,HaeIII enzyme

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