Splenic torsion in a cat with chronic anemia

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Abstract

Case summary

A 4-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat with chronic anemia was evaluated for acute-onset lethargy, vomiting, abdominal distension, and a palpably enlarged and firm spleen. Abdominal ultrasound confirmed marked splenomegaly and concern for a splenic infarct, prompting exploratory abdominal surgery, where splenic torsion was diagnosed. A splenectomy was performed, and the cat recovered uneventfully. Splenitis was diagnosed on histopathology. Anemia improved postoperatively. The role of chronic anemia and other concurrent findings in the development of splenic torsion in this case remains unknown.

Relevance and novel information

Splenic torsion has not been previously reported in cats, making this the first case of its kind. In cases of splenomegaly and abnormal splenic blood flow, splenic torsion should be considered a differential diagnosis in cats.

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Most cited references 24

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Extramedullary hematopoiesis: a new look at the underlying stem cell niche, theories of development, and occurrence in animals.

Edward J. Johns, John M Christopher (2012)

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the formation and development of blood cells outside the medullary spaces of the bone marrow. Although widely considered an epiphenomenon, secondary to underlying primary disease and lacking serious clinical or diagnostic implications, the presence of EMH is far from incidental on a molecular basis; rather, it reflects a well-choreographed suite of changes involving stem cells and their microenvironment (the stem cell niche). The goals of this review are to reconsider the molecular basis of EMH based on current knowledge of stem cell niches and to examine its role in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of EMH in animals. The ability of blood cells to home, proliferate, and mature in extramedullary tissues of adult animals reflects embryonic patterns of hematopoiesis and establishment or reactivation of a stem cell niche. This involves pathophysiologic alterations in hematopoietic stem cells, extracellular matrix, stromal cells, and local and systemic chemokines. Four major theories involving changes in stem cells and/or their microenvironment can explain the development of most occurrences of EMH: (1) severe bone marrow failure; (2) myelostimulation; (3) tissue inflammation, injury, and repair; and (4) abnormal chemokine production. EMH has also been reported within many types of neoplasms. Understanding the concepts and factors involved in stem cell niches enhances our understanding of the occurrence of EMH in animals and its relationship to underlying disease. In turn, a better understanding of the prevalence and distribution of EMH in animals and its molecular basis could further inform our understanding of the hematopoietic stem cell niche.

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Splenic complications in malaria: case report and review.

B Viner, B Zingman (1993)

Clinicians are increasingly confronted with diagnosis and management of malarial complications. In nonfalciparum malaria, severe complications usually involve the spleen, most notably among them the condition termed spontaneous splenic rupture. A case of infection due to Plasmodium malariae resulting in a symptomatic splenic hematoma is presented. Malarial splenic enlargement and pathology are reviewed, as well as splenic complications such as spontaneous rupture, hematoma, hyperreactive malarial syndrome, hypersplenism, ectopic spleen, torsion, and formation of cysts. Also evaluated are the 11 reported cases of spontaneous splenic rupture in malaria in the English-language literature from 1960 to 1991. Most cases of spontaneous splenic rupture in malaria occur during acute infection and are associated with Plasmodium vivax. Lack of prior immunity to malaria appears to be a major predisposing factor. Increasingly, splenic complications are managed by supportive care and spleen-conserving procedures to avoid postoperative and asplenic morbidity.

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Hypersplenism.

M Peck-Radosavljevic (2001)

Cytopenias in liver disease are a common finding. In the past they have mostly been attributed to pooling and/or destruction of blood cells in the enlarged spleen, leading to the term 'hypersplenism'. With recent advances in the understanding of the physiology of blood formation, in particular with the discovery of several haematopoietic growth factors, new insight into the pathophysiology of blood cell derangements in liver disease has been obtained. Recombinant haematopoietic growth factors present new opportunities for support of the haematopoietic system, which is required because of toxic antiviral therapies or surgical interventions in these patients.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): JFMS Open Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JFMS Open Rep

Journal ID (publisher-id): JOR

Journal ID (hwp): spjor

Title: JFMS Open Reports

Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )

ISSN (Electronic): 2055-1169

Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2024

Publication date Collection: Jan-Jun 2024

Volume: 10

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 20551169231216405

Affiliations

[1-20551169231216405]Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies

Author notes

[*]Melissa C Bucknoff DVM, DACVECC, Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies Email: MeBucknoff@ 123456rossvet.edu.kn

Author information

Melissa C Bucknoff https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2502-9305

Kerry E Rolph https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-5676

Article

Publisher ID: 10.1177_20551169231216405

DOI: 10.1177/20551169231216405

PMC ID: 10832429

PubMed ID: 38304753

SO-VID: e9a1eeeb-712c-4f88-8b8d-3dbb2e57c552

License:

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Funding

Funded by: school of veterinary medicine, ross university, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100021039;

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cover-date January-June 2024

typesetter ts1

Keywords: splenectomy,splenitis,non-regenerative anemia,extramedullary hematopoiesis

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Keywords: splenectomy, splenitis, non-regenerative anemia, extramedullary hematopoiesis

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Splenic torsion in a cat with chronic anemia

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Abstract

Case summary

Relevance and novel information

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Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Most cited references 24

Extramedullary hematopoiesis: a new look at the underlying stem cell niche, theories of development, and occurrence in animals.

Splenic complications in malaria: case report and review.

Hypersplenism.

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