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      Third stage of the kangaroo method: exclusive breastfeeding and growth of preterm and/or low birth weight newborns Translated title: Terceira etapa do método canguru: aleitamento materno exclusivo e crescimento de recém-nascidos pré-termo e/ou de baixo peso ao nascer

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          To evaluate the rates of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and growth of preterm and/or low birth weight newborns during the third stage of the Kangaroo Method (TSKM), at discharge.

          Methods:

          Retrospective study in a reference public maternity hospital between Jan/2014 and Dec/2017, including the preterm (less than 37 weeks) and/or low birth weight (less than 2500 g) newborn infants. Information was collected from medical records. Statistics analysis was done in SPSS software.

          Results:

          482 infants were included and followed up at the TSKM ambulatory. The average gestational age was 33 weeks (variation: 24-39 weeks) and birth weight, 1715g (variation: 455–2830 g). EBF occurred in 336 (70.1%) infants at hospital discharge, and in 291 (60.4%) at TSKM discharge. Each additional day of hospital stay increased the chance of infant formula (IF) use by 9.3% at hospital discharge and by 10.3% at TSKM discharge. Staying in the Kangaroo Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit (KNICU) favored EBF at hospital discharge and TSKM discharge (p<0.001). Not performing the kangaroo position increased the chance formula administration to the newborn infant at hospital discharge by 11%. Weight gain and head circumference growth were higher in infants using formula (p<0.001).

          Conclusions:

          The length of hospital stay and not performing the kangaroo position favored the use of infant formula at hospital and TSKM discharge. Staying in the KNICU favored exclusive breastfeeding at hospital and TSKM discharge. Weight gain and HC growth were higher in newborns receiving infant formula.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Avaliar as taxas de aleitamento materno exclusivo e o crescimento dos recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termo e/ou de baixo peso ao nascer à alta da terceira etapa do Método Canguru (TEMC).

          Métodos:

          Estudo retrospectivo realizado em maternidade pública de referência entre janeiro/2014 e dezembro/2017, que incluiu os RN pré-termo (<37 semanas) e/ou de baixo peso (<2.500 g). As informações foram coletadas de prontuários médicos e analisadas pelo programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

          Resultados:

          Foram seguidos 482 RN, com mediana da idade gestacional de 33 semanas (variação: 24–39 sem) e peso ao nascer 1.715 g (variação: 455–2.830 g). O aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) ocorreu em 336 (70,1%) RN à alta hospitalar e em 291 (60,4%) à alta da TEMC. Cada dia a mais de permanência hospitalar aumentou a chance do uso de fórmula infantil em 9,3% à alta hospitalar e em 10,3% à alta da TEMC. Permanecer na Unidade de Cuidados Intermediários Canguru (UCINCA) favoreceu o AME à alta hospitalar e da TEMC (p<0,001). Não realizar a Posição Canguru aumentou em 11% a chance de o RN utilizar fórmula infantil à alta hospitalar. O ganho de peso e crescimento do perímetro cefálico foram maiores nos RN em uso de fórmula infantil (p<0,001).

          Conclusões:

          O tempo de permanência hospitalar e a não realização da Posição Canguru favoreceram o uso de fórmula infantil à alta hospitalar e da TEMC. Permanecer na UCINCA favoreceu o AME à alta hospitalar e da TEMC. O ganho de peso e crescimento do PC foram maiores nos RN em uso de fórmula infantil.

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          Most cited references33

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          A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants

          Background The aim of this study was to revise the 2003 Fenton Preterm Growth Chart, specifically to: a) harmonize the preterm growth chart with the new World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Standard, b) smooth the data between the preterm and WHO estimates, informed by the Preterm Multicentre Growth (PreM Growth) study while maintaining data integrity from 22 to 36 and at 50 weeks, and to c) re-scale the chart x-axis to actual age (rather than completed weeks) to support growth monitoring. Methods Systematic review, meta-analysis, and growth chart development. We systematically searched published and unpublished literature to find population-based preterm size at birth measurement (weight, length, and/or head circumference) references, from developed countries with: Corrected gestational ages through infant assessment and/or statistical correction; Data percentiles as low as 24 weeks gestational age or lower; Sample with greater than 500 infants less than 30 weeks. Growth curves for males and females were produced using cubic splines to 50 weeks post menstrual age. LMS parameters (skew, median, and standard deviation) were calculated. Results Six large population-based surveys of size at preterm birth representing 3,986,456 births (34,639 births < 30 weeks) from countries Germany, United States, Italy, Australia, Scotland, and Canada were combined in meta-analyses. Smooth growth chart curves were developed, while ensuring close agreement with the data between 24 and 36 weeks and at 50 weeks. Conclusions The revised sex-specific actual-age growth charts are based on the recommended growth goal for preterm infants, the fetus, followed by the term infant. These preterm growth charts, with the disjunction between these datasets smoothing informed by the international PreM Growth study, may support an improved transition of preterm infant growth monitoring to the WHO growth charts.
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            Kangaroo Mother Care and Neonatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis

            CONTEXT: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an intervention aimed at improving outcomes among preterm and low birth weight newborns. OBJECTIVE: Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the association between KMC and neonatal outcomes. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, African Index Medicus (AIM), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information System (LILACS), Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR), Index Medicus for the South-East Asian Region (IMSEAR), and Western Pacific Region Index Medicus (WPRIM). STUDY SELECTION: We included randomized trials and observational studies through April 2014 examining the relationship between KMC and neonatal outcomes among infants of any birth weight or gestational age. Studies with <10 participants, lack of a comparison group without KMC, and those not reporting a quantitative association were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers extracted data on study design, risk of bias, KMC intervention, neonatal outcomes, relative risk (RR) or mean difference measures. RESULTS: 1035 studies were screened; 124 met inclusion criteria. Among LBW newborns, KMC compared to conventional care was associated with 36% lower mortality(RR 0.64; 95% [CI] 0.46, 0.89). KMC decreased risk of neonatal sepsis (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34, 0.83), hypothermia (RR 0.22; 95% CI 0.12, 0.41), hypoglycemia (RR 0.12; 95% CI 0.05, 0.32), and hospital readmission (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.23, 0.76) and increased exclusive breastfeeding (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.26, 1.78). Newborns receiving KMC had lower mean respiratory rate and pain measures, and higher oxygen saturation, temperature, and head circumference growth. LIMITATIONS: Lack of data on KMC limited the ability to assess dose-response. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to scale up KMC implementation are warranted.
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              Human milk for the premature infant.

              Premature infants are at risk for growth failure, developmental delays, necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis. Human milk from women delivering prematurely has more protein and higher levels of bioactive molecules. Human milk must be fortified for premature infants to achieve adequate growth. Mother's own milk improves growth and neurodevelopment, decreases the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis, and should be the primary enteral diet for premature infants. Donor milk is a resource for premature infants whose mothers are unable to provide an adequate supply of milk. Challenges include the need for pasteurization, nutritional and biochemical deficiencies, and limited supply. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Study designRole: Data collectionRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revisionRole: Study supervision
                Role: Study designRole: Data collectionRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data collectionRole: Manuscript revision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript revisionRole: Study supervision
                Role: Study designRole: Data analysisRole: Manuscript writingRole: Manuscript revisionRole: Study supervision
                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                29 April 2024
                2024
                : 42
                : e2023141
                Affiliations
                [a ]Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Maternidade Odete Valadares – Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
                [b ]Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina – Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. E-mail: sandralimaornelas@ 123456gmail.com (S. L. Ornelas)

                Conflict of interests The authors declare there is no conflict of interests.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-4462
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-7637
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9345-4041
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-0751
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-6931
                Article
                00450
                10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2023141
                11059934
                38695418
                e95728c0-af34-49c1-8f77-ee44edda1650

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 13 July 2023
                : 25 December 2023
                Page count
                Tables: 04, References: 30
                Categories
                Original Article

                infant premature,kangaroo-mother care method,infant, newborn,infant low-birth-weight,breast feeding,growth,pré-termo,método canguru,recém-nascido,recém-nascido de baixo peso,aleitamento materno,crescimento

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