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      Anatomical and Functional Description of the Radius of White Footed Tamarin (Saguinus leucopus) Translated title: Descripción Anatómica y Funcional del Radio del Tamarino Manos Blancas (Saguinus leucopus)

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          Abstract

          Saguinus leucopus is a neotropical primate, endemic and monotypic of Colombia (South America), with few studies of its anatomy, whose morphology radius this key element of this quadruped locomotion arboreal animal remains unknown. This study describes the gross functional anatomy of the radius bone of white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus). The study was based on eight specimens fixed with 10% formalin and extracted their radius them, describing the main features of the bony prominences, such as muscle and ligaments attachments and neurovascular pipes. The radius of Saguinus leucopus bony presents some prominences for muscles and ligaments attachments, in addition to the synovial cartilage regions to other parts of the forelimb. The various anatomical contours of the radius of Saguinus leucopus exhibit characteristics typical particular motor functions adapted to the environment of an arboreal quadruped position.

          Translated abstract

          Saguinus leucopus es un primate neotropical, endémico y monotípico de Colombia, con escasos estudios sobre su anatomía, y por ende de la morfología radial, elemento fundamental para la locomoción cuadrúpeda de este animal arbóreo que permanece desconocida. El objetivo fue describir la anatomía macroscópica y funcional de los relieves óseos del radio del titi gris (Saguinus leucopus). Se tomaron como base del estudio ocho especímenes fijados con formalina al 10% y de ellos se extrajeron sus radios, describiendo completamente su anatomía macroscópica. Los principales relieves óseos con sus funciones de fijación muscular y ligamentosa, y canalizaciones neurovasculares. El radio del Saguinus leucopus presenta algunas prominencias óseas fijaciones musculares y ligamentosas, además presenta regiones de cartílago sinovial para articular con otras partes del miembro anterior. Los variados relieves anatómicos del radio del Saguinus leucopus presentan características típicas particulares, adaptadas a funciones motoras para su ambiente propio de una posición arbórea cuadrúpeda.

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          Atelinae adaptations: behavioral strategies and ecological constraints.

          K. Strier (1992)
          Comparisons between the four genera that make up the Atelinae reveal two distinct behavioral patterns, one in which energy expenditure is minimized (Alouatta) and one in which energy intake is maximized (Lagothrix, Ateles, and Brachyteles). Among the atelins, Lagothrix and Ateles devote over 75% of their annual feeding time to fruit, while Brachyteles devotes between 50% and 67% of their feeding time to leaves. Pronounced seasonality in the Atlantic coastal forest inhabited by Brachyteles may be responsible for its more folivorous diet. Alouatta falls in the body size range of Lagothrix and is much smaller than Ateles and Brachyteles. Nonetheless, Alouatta is more folivorous than sympatric atelins. The atelins also share a rapid, suspensory mode of locomotion that appears to enable them to minimize travel time between widely dispersed fruit sources. Alouatta, by contrast, employs a slower, but more energetically efficient, quadrupedal locomotion. Ranging patterns among the Atelinae are consistent with both diet and locomotor abilities: Atelins travel daily distances up to 5,000 m; Alouatta ranges are much shorter. Further distinctions are evident in Atelinae grouping patterns. Alouatta remains in small cohesive groups that occupy home ranges less than 60 ha in size. Both Lagothrix and Ateles have large groups that fission to reduce the costs of intragroup feeding competition when preferred fruits occur in small patches within much larger community ranges. While greater reliance on low-energy foods such as leaves may release Brachyteles from similar competitive constraints, their tendency toward fluid grouping associations is consistent with the pursuit of a frugivorous diet.
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            Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals.

            This special issue of the Anatomical Record explores many of the anatomical adaptations exhibited by aquatic mammals that enable life in the water. Anatomical observations on a range of fossil and living marine and freshwater mammals are presented, including sirenians (manatees and dugongs), cetaceans (both baleen whales and toothed whales, including dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses), the sea otter, and the pygmy hippopotamus. A range of anatomical systems are covered in this issue, including the external form (integument, tail shape), nervous system (eye, ear, brain), musculoskeletal systems (cranium, mandible, hyoid, vertebral column, flipper/forelimb), digestive tract (teeth/tusks/baleen, tongue, stomach), and respiratory tract (larynx). Emphasis is placed on exploring anatomical function in the context of aquatic life. The following topics are addressed: evolution, sound production, sound reception, feeding, locomotion, buoyancy control, thermoregulation, cognition, and behavior. A variety of approaches and techniques are used to examine and characterize these adaptations, ranging from dissection, to histology, to electron microscopy, to two-dimensional (2D) and 3D computerized tomography, to experimental field tests of function. The articles in this issue are a blend of literature review and new, hypothesis-driven anatomical research, which highlight the special nature of anatomical form and function in aquatic mammals that enables their exquisite adaptation for life in such a challenging environment.
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              Finite element analysis in vertebrate biomechanics.

              This special issue of The Anatomical Record presents a series of papers that apply the method of finite element analysis (FEA) to questions in vertebrate biomechanics. These papers are salient examples of the use of FEA to test hypotheses regarding structure-function relationships in complexly shaped biological objects such as skulls and in areas of the skeleton that are otherwise impervious to study. FEA is also a powerful tool for studying patterns of stress and strain in fossil animals and artificial constructs hypothesized to represent ancestral conditions. FEA has been used deductively, to study patterns of growth and development, and to investigate whether skull shapes can be created from amorphous blocks using an iterative approach of loading and removing elements. Several of the papers address methodological issues, such as the relative importance of loading conditions and material properties for generating an accurate model and the validation of models using in vivo strain data. Continuing improvements in model building techniques will make possible increased application of FEA to study the functional effects of variation in morphology, whether through ontogenetic or phylogenetic transformations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                September 2014
                : 32
                : 3
                : 914-917
                Affiliations
                [03] Manizales orgnameUniversidad de Caldas orgdiv1Departamento de Salud Animal orgdiv2Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Colombia
                [02] Manizales orgnameUniversidad Autónoma orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biológicas Colombia
                [01] Manizales orgnameUniversidad de Caldas orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Básicas orgdiv2Programa de Medicina Colombia
                Article
                S0717-95022014000300027 S0717-9502(14)03200300027
                10.4067/S0717-95022014000300027
                e9281c74-6691-4da8-b948-1ab319932bf7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 May 2014
                : 08 September 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Primate,Radius,Función,Anatomía,Radio,Morphology,Saguinus,Function,Anatomy,Morfología

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