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      Encare clínico de las dislipemias Translated title: Encargo clínico de dislipidemias Translated title: Clinical care of dyslipidemias

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          Abstract

          Resumen: El manejo de los pacientes con dislipemias en la práctica clínica diaria implica el conocimiento de la evidencia científica relevante, la experiencia clínica, el sentido común, así como el respeto a la voluntad del paciente. La evidencia demuestra que el tratamiento hipolipemiante con estatinas reduce la morbimortalidad cardiovascular en un amplio grupo de pacientes, con un porcentaje de efectos colaterales bajo. Un punto crítico en el tratamiento es la decisión de iniciar o no dichos fármacos. Hay pacientes que tienen indicación formal de estatinas sin necesidad de hacer una evaluación del riesgo vascular. Tal es el caso de los que están en prevención secundaria, pacientes con colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) muy alto (>190 mg/dl) y diabéticos entre 40 y 75 años. En los demás individuos la indicación de estatinas pasa en primer lugar por una evaluación formal del riesgo cardiovascular. Con este fin, las guías estadounidenses sugieren el uso de las Pooled Cohort Equations, en tanto que las guías europeas utilizan el Heartscore. Ambos scores estratifican a los pacientes en cuatro grupos según la intensidad del riesgo. El beneficio absoluto en la reducción del riesgo de eventos es tanto mayor cuanto más elevado sea el riesgo basal del paciente. Es por ello que se recomienda que tanto la intensidad del tratamiento, como el nivel de descenso objetivo de C-LDL, sean tanto mayores cuanto mayor sea el riesgo del paciente. Las recomendaciones de ambas guías no son coincidentes en algunos casos. Por lo tanto, además del riesgo cardiovascular se debe considerar el riesgo de efectos adversos potenciales y la voluntad del paciente en una discusión franca con su médico. El ezetimibe primero y los inhibidores PCSK9 después (limitados en estos momentos por costos y disponibilidad) aparecen como los grandes aliados de las estatinas, cuando no se toleran las dosis adecuadas o no se llega al C-LDL objetivo. A los efectos del abordaje del tema hemos optado por analizar cinco historias clínicas representativas de los principales escenarios clínicos que obligan al médico a tomar decisiones terapéuticas específicas.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: O manejo de pacientes com dislipidemias na prática clínica diária envolve conhecimento de provas científicas relevantes, experiência clínica, senso comum, bem como a respeito da vontade do paciente. A evidência mostra que o tratamento hipolipemiente com estatina reduz a morbimortalidade cardiovascular em um grande grupo de pacientes com uma baixa taxa de efeitos colaterais. Um ponto crítico no tratamento desses pacientes é a decisão de iniciar ou não estas drogas. Há pacientes que têm indicação formal de estatinas sem necessidade de fazer uma avaliação de risco vascular. Tal é o caso dos pacientes que estão na prevenção secundária, pacientes com colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade muito alta (>190 mg/dl) e diabéticos entre 40 e 75 anos. Em outros indivíduos a indicação de uma estatinas passa primeiro através de uma avaliação formal de risco cardiovascular. Para este fim diretrizes Americanas sugerem o uso do Pooled Cohort Equations, enquanto as directrizes europeias usam o Heartscore. Ambos scores estratificam pacientes em quatro grupos de acordo com a intensidade do risco. O benefício absoluto na redução do risco de eventos é maior quanto mais elevado seja o risco base do paciente. Por isso, recomenda-se que tanto a intensidade do tratamento e do nível de descida desejada da lipoproteína de baixa densidade, são muito maior quanto maior for o risco do paciente. As recomendações de ambas as guias em alguns casos não são coincidentes. Portanto, além do risco cardiovascular deve ser considerado o risco de efeitos adversos potenciais e a vontade do paciente em uma discussão franca entre médico e paciente. Ezetimiba primeiro e os inibidores PCSK9 depois (limitado atualmente pela disponibilidade e custo) aparecem como os grandes aliados das estatinas, quando não são toleradas doses adequadas ou não se chega ao objetivo. Para efeitos da abordagem do assunto que escolhemos para analisar cinco histórias clínicas de pacientes representativos dos principais cenários clínicos que exige do médico a tomar decisões terapêuticas específicas.

          Translated abstract

          Summary: In daily clinical practice the management of patients with dyslipidemias implies knowledge of relevant clinical scientific evidence, common sense, as respect of patient preferences. There is strong evidence that treatment of dyslipidemias mainly with statins reduces morbidity and mortality in a wide group of patients with few side effects. A critical step in management of this individuals is to make the decision of whether statin treatment is indicated or not. There are patients that have a clear indication of statin use without any further cardiovascular risk calculation. Such is the case in secondary prevention, patients with extremely high low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (>190 mg/dl) and diabetics between 40 and 75 years-old. In all other patients, statin indication should start with a formal cardiovascular risk evaluation. American guidelines suggest using the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations and European guidelines prefer Heartscore. Both scoring systems stratify risk in four categories according to risk intensity. The absolute cardiovascular risk reduction obtained with treatment increases in parallel with the basal cardiovascular risk. This explains the recommendation that both treatment intensity and magnitude of low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering should increase as the risk of the patient increases. Recommendations provided by American and European guidelines do not always coincide. Thus, besides basal cardiovascular risk estimation, potential adverse drug effects and patient preferences should always be considered in the context of a clinician-patient frank discussion. Ezetimibe first and PCSK9 inhibitors eventually (currently limited by costs and availability) appear as the great allies of statins, when adequate doses are not tolerated or the target is not reached. We will tackle the subject through five cases that illustrate the main clinical situations in which physicians have to adopt specific therapeutic decisions.

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          Most cited references19

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          Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)

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            Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study.

            Although cholesterol-reducing treatment has been shown to reduce fatal and nonfatal coronary disease in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), it is unknown whether benefit from the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients without CHD extends to individuals with average serum cholesterol levels, women, and older persons. To compare lovastatin with placebo for prevention of the first acute major coronary event in men and women without clinically evident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease with average total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels and below-average high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Outpatient clinics in Texas. A total of 5608 men and 997 women with average TC and LDL-C and below-average HDL-C (as characterized by lipid percentiles for an age- and sex-matched cohort without cardiovascular disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] III). Mean (SD) TC level was 5.71 (0.54) mmol/L (221 [21] mg/dL) (51 st percentile), mean (SD) LDL-C level was 3.89 (0.43) mmol/L (150 [17] mg/dL) (60th percentile), mean (SD) HDL-C level was 0.94 (0.14) mmol/L (36 [5] mg/dL) for men and 1.03 (0.14) mmol/L (40 [5] mg/dL) for women (25th and 16th percentiles, respectively), and median (SD) triglyceride levels were 1.78 (0.86) mmol/L (158 [76] mg/dL) (63rd percentile). Lovastatin (20-40 mg daily) or placebo in addition to a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet. First acute major coronary event defined as fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or sudden cardiac death. After an average follow-up of 5.2 years, lovastatin reduced the incidence of first acute major coronary events (1 83 vs 116 first events; relative risk [RR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.79; P<.001), myocardial infarction (95 vs 57 myocardial infarctions; RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.43-0.83; P=.002), unstable angina (87 vs 60 first unstable angina events; RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49-0.95; P=.02), coronary revascularization procedures (157 vs 106 procedures; RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.85; P=.001), coronary events (215 vs 163 coronary events; RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; P =.006), and cardiovascular events (255 vs 194 cardiovascular events; RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.91; P = .003). Lovastatin (20-40 mg daily) reduced LDL-C by 25% to 2.96 mmol/L (115 mg/dL) and increased HDL-C by 6% to 1.02 mmol/L (39 mg/dL). There were no clinically relevant differences in safety parameters between treatment groups. Lovastatin reduces the risk for the first acute major coronary event in men and women with average TC and LDL-C levels and below-average HDL-C levels. These findings support the inclusion of HDL-C in risk-factor assessment, confirm the benefit of LDL-C reduction to a target goal, and suggest the need for reassessment of the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines regarding pharmacological intervention.
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              MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

              Individuals with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, although typically their plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol are similar to those in the general population. Previous evidence about the effects of lowering cholesterol in people with diabetes has been limited, and most diabetic patients do not currently receive cholesterol-lowering therapy despite their increased risk. 5963 UK adults (aged 40-80 years) known to have diabetes, and an additional 14573 with occlusive arterial disease (but no diagnosed diabetes), were randomly allocated to receive 40 mg simvastatin daily or matching placebo. Prespecified analyses in these prior disease subcategories, and other relevant subcategories, were of first major coronary event (ie, non-fatal myocardial infarction or coronary death) and of first major vascular event (ie, major coronary event, stroke or revascularisation). Analyses were also conducted of subsequent vascular events during the scheduled treatment period. Comparisons are of all simvastatin-allocated versus all placebo-allocated participants (ie, intention to treat), which yielded an average difference in LDL cholesterol of 1.0 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) during the 5-year treatment period. Both among the participants who presented with diabetes and among those who did not, there were highly significant reductions of about a quarter in the first event rate for major coronary events, for strokes, and for revascularisations. For the first occurrence of any of these major vascular events among participants with diabetes, there was a definite 22% (95% CI 13-30) reduction in the event rate (601 [20.2%] simvastatin-allocated vs 748 [25.1%] placebo-allocated, p<0.0001), which was similar to that among the other high-risk individuals studied. There were also highly significant reductions of 33% (95% CI 17-46, p=0.0003) among the 2912 diabetic participants who did not have any diagnosed occlusive arterial disease at entry, and of 27% (95% CI 13-40, p=0.0007) among the 2426 diabetic participants whose pretreatment LDL cholesterol concentration was below 3.0 mmol/L (116 mg/dL). The proportional reduction in risk was also about a quarter among various other subcategories of diabetic patient studied, including: those with different duration, type, or control of diabetes; those aged over 65 years at entry or with hypertension; and those with total cholesterol below 5.0 mmol/L (193 mg/dL). In addition, among participants who had a first major vascular event following randomisation, allocation to simvastatin reduced the rate of subsequent events during the scheduled treatment period. The present study provides direct evidence that cholesterol-lowering therapy is beneficial for people with diabetes even if they do not already have manifest coronary disease or high cholesterol concentrations. Allocation to 40 mg simvastatin daily reduced the rate of first major vascular events by about a quarter in a wide range of diabetic patients studied. After making allowance for non-compliance, actual use of this statin regimen would probably reduce these rates by about a third. For example, among the type of diabetic patient studied without occlusive arterial disease, 5 years of treatment would be expected to prevent about 45 people per 1000 from having at least one major vascular event (and, among these 45 people, to prevent about 70 first or subsequent events during this treatment period). Statin therapy should now be considered routinely for all diabetic patients at sufficiently high risk of major vascular events, irrespective of their initial cholesterol concentrations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ruc
                Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología
                Rev.Urug.Cardiol.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0797-0048
                1688-0420
                December 2019
                : 34
                : 3
                : 401-433
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo orgnameHospital Británico orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Uruguay blayerle@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1688-04202019000300401
                10.29277/cardio.34.3.28
                e90fdfa2-5050-4b7a-8ac4-31fc65c9fb5d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 August 2019
                : 25 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 33
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Categories
                Artículo de Revisión

                Dyslipidemias,Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasa,Riesgo vascular,Colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad,Dislipidemias,Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutase,Risco vascular,Colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors,Vascular risk,Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,Dislipemias

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