A review on indoor environmental quality in sports facilities: Indoor air quality and ventilation during a pandemic

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Abstract

Because of COVID-19, the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in sports facilities has been a concern to environmental health practitioners. To develop an overall understanding of the available guidelines and standards and studies performed on IEQ in sports facilities, an extensive literature study was conducted, with the aim of identifying: (1) indicators that are being used to assess IEQ in different sports facilities; (2) indicators that are potentially interesting to be used to assess indoor air, in particular; (3) gaps in knowledge to determine whether sports facilities are safe, healthy and comfortable for people to stay and perform their activities. The outcome indicates that most current standards and previous investigations on IEQ in sports facilities mainly focused on dose-related indicators (such as ventilation rate), while building-related indicators (such as ventilation regime) and occupant-related indicators (such as IEQ preferences) were rarely considered. Little attention is given to the fact that ventilation systems may play an important role in the air quality of the location, and few investigations have been performed on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study recommends more research into both occupant and building-related indicators as well as cross-modal effects between various IEQ factors for developing future standards on sports facilities.

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How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Lidia Morawska, Julian Tang, William P Bahnfleth … (2020)

During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.

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Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments

Shin Yong (2021)

Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome first gained widespread recognition among social support groups and later in scientific and medical communities. This illness is poorly understood as it affects COVID-19 survivors at all levels of disease severity, even younger adults, children, and those not hospitalized. While the precise definition of long COVID may be lacking, the most common symptoms reported in many studies are fatigue and dyspnoea that last for months after acute COVID-19. Other persistent symptoms may include cognitive and mental impairments, chest and joint pains, palpitations, myalgia, smell and taste dysfunctions, cough, headache, and gastrointestinal and cardiac issues. Presently, there is limited literature discussing the possible pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments in long COVID, which the current review aims to address. In brief, long COVID may be driven by long-term tissue damage (e.g. lung, brain, and heart) and pathological inflammation (e.g. from viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity). The associated risk factors may include female sex, more than five early symptoms, early dyspnoea, prior psychiatric disorders, and specific biomarkers (e.g. D-dimer, CRP, and lymphocyte count), although more research is required to substantiate such risk factors. While preliminary evidence suggests that personalized rehabilitation training may help certain long COVID cases, therapeutic drugs repurposed from other similar conditions, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and mast cell activation syndrome, also hold potential. In sum, this review hopes to provide the current understanding of what is known about long COVID.

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Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

Yueling Ma, Yadong Zhao, Jiangtao Liu … (2020)

Meteorological parameters are the important factors influencing the infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. This study aims to explore the association between Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths and weather parameters. In this study, we collected the daily death numbers of COVID-19, meteorological parameters and air pollutant data from 20 January 2020 to 29 February 2020 in Wuhan, China. Generalized additive model was applied to explore the effect of temperature, humidity and diurnal temperature range on the daily death counts of COVID-19. There were 2299 COVID-19 death counts in Wuhan during the study period. A positive association with COVID-19 daily death counts was observed for diurnal temperature range (r = 0.44), but negative association for relative humidity (r = −0.32). In addition, one unit increase in diurnal temperature range was only associated with a 2.92% (95% CI: 0.61%, 5.28%) increase in COVID-19 deaths in lag 3. However, both 1 unit increase of temperature and absolute humidity were related to the decreased COVID-19 death in lag 3 and lag 5, with the greatest decrease both in lag 3 [−7.50% (95% CI: −10.99%, −3.88%) and −11.41% (95% CI: −19.68%, −2.29%)]. In summary, this study suggests the temperature variation and humidity may also be important factors affecting the COVID-19 mortality.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indoor Built Environ

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indoor Built Environ

Journal ID (hwp): spibe

Journal ID (publisher-id): IBE

Title: Indoor + Built Environment

Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )

ISSN (Print): 1420-326X

ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0070

Publication date (Electronic): 21 December 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 21 December 2022

Electronic Location Identifier: 1420326X221145862

Affiliations

[1-1420326X221145862]Chair Indoor Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ringgold 2860, universityDelft University of Technology; , Delf, The Netherlands

Author notes

[*]Philomena M. Bluyssen, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, the Netherlands. Email: p.m.bluyssen@ 123456tudelft.nl

Author information

Dadi Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-0542

Philomena M Bluyssen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-5362

Article

Publisher ID: 10.1177_1420326X221145862

DOI: 10.1177/1420326X221145862

PMC ID: 9790860

SO-VID: e8fea11f-b7ff-417e-b5a9-dcb9a550720f

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This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Funded by: Knowledge Centre for Sport & Physical Activity Netherlands (Kenniscentrum Sport & Bewegen), the NOC*NSF (sportbonden), POS (ondernemende sportaanbieders) and VSG (Gemeenten) in the Netherlands;

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Keywords: sports facilities,indoor air quality,indoor environmental quality,ventilation,comfort,health

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Keywords: sports facilities, indoor air quality, indoor environmental quality, ventilation, comfort, health

A review on indoor environmental quality in sports facilities: Indoor air quality and ventilation during a pandemic

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Abstract

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 168

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments

Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

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