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      On the solid, liquid and solution structural organization of imidazolium ionic liquids

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          Abstract

          1,3-dialkyl imidazolium salts are one of the most popular and investigated classes of room temperature ionic liquids. Although in various cases the physical-chemical properties and/or the outcome of the processes in these liquids significantly differ from those performed in "classical" dipolar organic solvents, they are still regarded as merely homogeneous solvents. In this brief overview it is developed the concept that pure 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids are better described as hydrogen-bonded polymeric supramolecules of the type {[(DAI)x(X)x-n)] n+ [(DAI)x-n(X)x)] n-}n where DAI is the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation and X the anion. This structural pattern is a general trend for the solid phase and is maintained to a great extent in the liquid phase and even in the gas phase. The introduction of other molecules and macromolecules occurs with a disruption of the hydrogen bond network and in some cases can generate nano-structures with polar and non-polar regions where inclusion-type compounds can be formed.

          Translated abstract

          Sais derivados do cátion 1,3-dialquilimidazólio são uma das mais populares e investigadas classes de líquidos iônicos a temperatura ambiente. Embora, em vários casos, suas propriedades físico-químicas e/ou o resultado dos processos que ocorrem nesses líquidos diferem significantemente daqueles obtidos em solventes orgânicos dipolares, estes ainda podem ser descritos como simples solventes orgânicos. Nesta revisão, será introduzido o conceito que líquidos iônicos derivados do cátion 1,3-dialquilimidazólio são mais convenientemente descritos como estruturas poliméricas supramoleculares do tipo {[(DAI)x(X)x-n)] n+ [(DAI)x-n(X)x)] n-}n onde DAI representa o cátion 1,3-dialquilimidazólio e X o ânion. Este padrão estrutural é observado geralmente em sólidos e mantido em grande extensão no estado líquido e mesmo em fase gasosa. A introdução de outras moléculas ou macromoléculas no líquido iônico provoca a perturbação da rede de ligações de hidrogênios podendo gerar, em alguns casos, nano-estruturas com regiões polares e apolares onde compostos de inclusão podem ser formados.

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          Exploiting the Brønsted Acidity of Phosphinecarboxamides for the Synthesis of New Phosphides and Phosphines

          We demonstrate that the synthesis of new N-functionalized phosphinecarboxamides is possible by reaction of primary and secondary amines with PCO− in the presence of a proton source. These reactions proceed with varying degrees of success, and although primary amines generally afford the corresponding phosphinecarboxamides in good yields, secondary amines react more sluggishly and often give rise to significant decomposition of the 2-phosphaethynolate precursor. Of the new N-derivatized phosphinecarboxamides available, PH2C(O)NHCy (Cy=cyclohexyl) can be obtained in sufficiently high yields to allow for the exploration of its Brønsted acidity. Thus, deprotonating PH2C(O)NHCy with one equivalent of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS) gave the new phosphide [PHC(O)NHCy]−. In contrast, deprotonation with half of an equivalent gives rise to [P{C(O)NHCy}2]− and PH3. These phosphides can be employed to give new phosphines by reactions with electrophiles, thus demonstrating their enormous potential as chemical building blocks.
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            Supramolecular Disassembly of Facially Amphiphilic Dendrimer Assemblies in Response to Physical, Chemical, and Biological Stimuli

            Conspectus Supramolecular assemblies formed from spontaneous self-assembly of amphiphilic macromolecules are explored as biomimetic architectures and for applications in areas such as sensing, drug delivery, and diagnostics. Macromolecular assemblies are usually preferred, compared with their simpler small molecule counterparts, due to their low critical aggregate concentrations (CAC) and high thermodynamic stability. This Account focuses on the structural and functional aspects of assemblies formed from dendrimers, specifically facially amphiphilic dendrons that form micelle or inverse micelle type supramolecular assemblies depending on the nature of the solvent medium. The micelle type assemblies formed from facially amphiphilic dendrons sequester hydrophobic guest molecules in their interiors. The stability of these assemblies is dependent on the relative compatibility of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalities with water, often referred to as hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). Disruption of the HLB, using an external stimulus, could lead to disassembly of the aggregates, which can then be utilized to cause an actuation event, such as guest molecule release. Studying these possibilities has led to (i) a robust and general strategy for stimulus-induced disassembly and molecular release and (ii) the introduction of a new approach to protein-responsive supramolecular disassembly. The latter strategy provides a particularly novel avenue for impacting biomedical applications. Most of the stimuli-sensitive supramolecular assemblies have been designed to be responsive to factors such pH, temperature, and redox conditions. The reason for this interest stems from the fact that certain disease microenvironments have aberrations in these factors. However, these variations are the secondary imbalances in biology. Imbalances in protein activity are the primary reasons for most, if not all, human pathology. There have been no robust strategies in stimulus-responsive assemblies that respond to these variations. The facially amphiphilic dendrimers provide a unique opportunity to explore this possibility. Similarly, the propensity of these molecules to form inverse micelles in apolar solvents and thus bind polar guest molecules, combined with the fact that these assemblies do not thermodynamically equilibrate in biphasic mixtures, was used to predictably simplify peptide mixtures. The structure–property relationships developed from these studies have led to a selective and highly sensitive detection of peptides in complex mixtures. Selectivity in peptide extraction was achieved using charge complementarity between the peptides and the hydrophilic components present in inverse micellar interiors. These findings will have implications in areas such as proteomics and biomarker detection.
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              Lithium Ion Solvation and Diffusion in Bulk Organic Electrolytes from First Principles and Classical Reactive Molecular Dynamics

              , , (2015)
              Lithium-ion battery performance is strongly influenced by the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, which depends on the speed at which Li ions migrate across the cell and relates to their solvation structure. The choice of solvent can greatly impact both solvation and diffusivity of Li ions. We use first principles molecular dynamics to examine the solvation and diffusion of Li ions in the bulk organic solvents ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and a mixture of EC/EMC. We find that Li ions are solvated by either carbonyl or ether oxygen atoms of the solvents and sometimes by the PF\(_6^-\) anion. Li\(^+\) prefers a tetrahedrally-coordinated first solvation shell regardless of which species are involved, with the specific preferred solvation structure dependent on the organic solvent. In addition, we calculate Li diffusion coefficients in each electrolyte, finding slightly larger diffusivities in the linear carbonate EMC compared to the cyclic carbonate EC. The magnitude of the diffusion coefficient correlates with the strength of Li\(^+\) solvation. Corresponding analysis for the PF\(_6^-\) anion shows greater diffusivity associated with a weakly-bound, poorly defined first solvation shell. These results may be used to aid in the design of new electrolytes to improve Li-ion battery performance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-4790
                June 2004
                : 15
                : 3
                : 341-350
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0103-50532004000300002
                10.1590/S0103-50532004000300002
                e8b490f8-e177-48c9-8c8c-d567b0bcf070

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5053&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                ionic liquids,molten salts,supramolecules,nano-materials,solvents,clusters
                General chemistry
                ionic liquids, molten salts, supramolecules, nano-materials, solvents, clusters

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