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      Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates

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          Abstract

          In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites’ properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.

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          Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers

          Luc Averous, Stéphanie Laurichesse (2014)
          Article 0 comments Cited 422 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis.

            C. Pena, A Tejado, I Mondragon … (2007)
            During the last decades lignin has been investigated as a promising natural alternative to petrochemicals in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin production, due to their structural similarity. Physico-chemical characterization of three types of lignin, namely kraft pine lignin (L1), soda-anthraquinone flax lignin (L2), and ethanol-water wild tamarind lignin (L3) has been evaluated to determine which one is the most suitable chemical structure for above purpose. Characterization has been performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ((1)H NMR) to analyse the chemical structure, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for determining molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the glass transition temperature and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to follow the thermal degradation. Both structural and thermal characteristics suggest that kraft pine lignin (L1) would be a better phenol (P) substitute in the synthesis of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins, as it presents higher amounts of activated free ring positions, higher MW and higher thermal decomposition temperature.
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              A Review of Recent Progress in Phosphorus-based Flame Retardants

              Sergei V Levchik, Edward D Weil (2016)
              Article 0 comments Cited 104 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Łukasz Klapiszewski: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: December 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 24
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5947
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; krystyna.wnuczek@ 123456poczta.umcs.lublin.pl (K.W.); marta.goliszek@ 123456poczta.umcs.lublin.pl (M.G.)
                [2 ]Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
                [3 ]Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; t.klepka@ 123456pollub.pl
                [4 ]Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; kamil.dziuba@ 123456poczta.umcs.lublin.pl
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-5402
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-9414
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-2393
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9182-0845
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8833-3170
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-05947
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245947
                PMC ID: 7765523
                PubMed ID: 33334041
                SO-VID: e7ff8936-1474-4a13-bac6-3492863ebcdb
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 02 December 2020
                Date accepted : 15 December 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: flammability tests,kraft lignin,diethyl vinylphosphonate
                Data availability:
                Keywords: flammability tests, kraft lignin, diethyl vinylphosphonate

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