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      Where do you live and what do you do? Two questions that might impact your kidney health

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          Abstract

          In many cases the social determinants of health need to be assessed through their interaction with environmental factors. This review looks at the impact of physical location and occupation of individuals on their kidney health. It examines the effect of living at high altitude on kidney function and the relationship between extreme cold or hot temperatures and the incidence of kidney injury. It reviews as well the many occupations that have been linked to kidney disease in high-income and low-and-middle-income countries. As a conclusion, this overview proposes preventive recommendations that could be individualized based on weather, altitude, socio-economic level of the country and occupation of the individual.

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          Most cited references312

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          Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy

          Climate change has led to significant rise of 0.8°C-0.9°C in global mean temperature over the last century and has been linked with significant increases in the frequency and severity of heat waves (extreme heat events). Climate change has also been increasingly connected to detrimental human health. One of the consequences of climate-related extreme heat exposure is dehydration and volume loss, leading to acute mortality from exacerbations of pre-existing chronic disease, as well as from outright heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Recent studies have also shown that recurrent heat exposure with physical exertion and inadequate hydration can lead to CKD that is distinct from that caused by diabetes, hypertension, or GN. Epidemics of CKD consistent with heat stress nephropathy are now occurring across the world. Here, we describe this disease, discuss the locations where it appears to be manifesting, link it with increasing temperatures, and discuss ongoing attempts to prevent the disease. Heat stress nephropathy may represent one of the first epidemics due to global warming. Government, industry, and health policy makers in the impacted regions should place greater emphasis on occupational and community interventions.
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            Workers' health and productivity under occupational heat strain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

            Occupational heat strain (ie, the effect of environmental heat stress on the body) directly threatens workers' ability to live healthy and productive lives. We estimated the effects of occupational heat strain on workers' health and productivity outcomes.
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              Cardiovascular response to thermoregulatory challenges.

              A growing number of extreme climate events are occurring in the setting of ongoing climate change, with an increase in both the intensity and frequency. It has been shown that ambient temperature challenges have a direct and highly varied impact on cardiovascular health. With a rapidly growing amount of literature on this issue, we aim to review the recent publications regarding the impact of cold and heat on human populations with regard to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality/morbidity while also examining lag effects, vulnerable subgroups, and relevant mechanisms. Although the relative risk of morbidity/mortality associated with extreme temperature varied greatly across different studies, both cold and hot temperatures were associated with a positive mean excess of cardiovascular deaths or hospital admissions. Cause-specific study of CVD morbidity/mortality indicated that the sensitivity to temperature was disease-specific, with different patterns for acute and chronic ischemic heart disease. Vulnerability to temperature-related mortality was associated with some characteristics of the populations, including sex, age, location, socioeconomic condition, and comorbidities such as cardiac diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Temperature-induced damage is thought to be related to enhanced sympathetic reactivity followed by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, as well as dehydration and a systemic inflammatory response. Future research should focus on multidisciplinary adaptation strategies that incorporate epidemiology, climatology, indoor/building environments, energy usage, labor legislative perfection, and human thermal comfort models. Studies on the underlying mechanism by which temperature challenge induces pathophysiological response and CVD await profound and lasting investigation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Nephrol
                Front Nephrol
                Front. Nephrol.
                Frontiers in Nephrology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2813-0626
                05 October 2022
                2022
                : 2
                : 1011964
                Affiliations
                [1] Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University , Beirut, Lebanon
                Author notes

                Edited by: Guillermo Garcia Garcia, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico

                Reviewed by: Jonathan Samuel Chávez-Iñiguez, University of Guadalajara, Mexico; Jonatan Barrera-Chimal, Centre de recherche Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Canada

                *Correspondence: Mabel Aoun, aounmabel@ 123456yahoo.fr

                This article was submitted to Clinical Research in Nephrology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nephrology

                Article
                10.3389/fneph.2022.1011964
                10479685
                37675017
                e7b113eb-e1f3-4d39-940a-ad3769debe7f
                Copyright © 2022 Aoun and Chelala

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 04 August 2022
                : 13 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 314, Pages: 34, Words: 15472
                Categories
                Nephrology
                Review

                social determinants of kidney health,altitude,cold weather,heat,hypertension,occupation,high-income and low- and middle-income countries,seasonality

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