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      Bio-Conjugated Quantum Dots for Cancer Research: Detection and Imaging

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          Abstract

          Ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and gamma scintigraphy-based detection and bio-imaging technologies have achieved outstanding breakthroughs in recent years. However, these technologies still encounter several limitations such as insufficient sensitivity, specificity and security that limit their applications in cancer detection and bio-imaging. The semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are a kind of newly developed fluorescent nanoparticles that have superior fluorescence intensity, strong resistance to photo-bleaching, size-tunable light emission and could produce multiple fluorescent colors under single-source excitation. Furthermore, QDs have optimal surface to link with multiple targets such as antibodies, peptides, and several other small molecules. Thus, QDs might serve as potential, more sensitive and specific methods of detection than conventional methods applied in cancer molecular targeting and bio-imaging. However, many challenges such as cytotoxicity and nonspecific uptake still exist limiting their wider applications. In the present review, we aim to summarize the current applications and challenges of QDs in cancer research mainly focusing on tumor detection, bio-imaging, and provides opinions on how to address these challenges.

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          Most cited references119

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          Renal clearance of quantum dots.

          The field of nanotechnology holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. However, the size and charge of most nanoparticles preclude their efficient clearance from the body as intact nanoparticles. Without such clearance or their biodegradation into biologically benign components, toxicity is potentially amplified and radiological imaging is hindered. Using intravenously administered quantum dots in rodents as a model system, we have precisely defined the requirements for renal filtration and urinary excretion of inorganic, metal-containing nanoparticles. Zwitterionic or neutral organic coatings prevented adsorption of serum proteins, which otherwise increased hydrodynamic diameter by >15 nm and prevented renal excretion. A final hydrodynamic diameter <5.5 nm resulted in rapid and efficient urinary excretion and elimination of quantum dots from the body. This study provides a foundation for the design and development of biologically targeted nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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            In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles.

            Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) have the potential to revolutionize biological imaging, but their use has been limited by difficulties in obtaining nanocrystals that are biocompatible. To address this problem, we encapsulated individual nanocrystals in phospholipid block-copolymer micelles and demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo imaging. When conjugated to DNA, the nanocrystal-micelles acted as in vitro fluorescent probes to hybridize to specific complementary sequences. Moreover, when injected into Xenopus embryos, the nanocrystal-micelles were stable, nontoxic (<5 x 10(9) nanocrystals per cell), cell autonomous, and slow to photobleach. Nanocrystal fluorescence could be followed to the tadpole stage, allowing lineage-tracing experiments in embryogenesis.
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              The surface science of nanocrystals.

              All nanomaterials share a common feature of large surface-to-volume ratio, making their surfaces the dominant player in many physical and chemical processes. Surface ligands - molecules that bind to the surface - are an essential component of nanomaterial synthesis, processing and application. Understanding the structure and properties of nanoscale interfaces requires an intricate mix of concepts and techniques borrowed from surface science and coordination chemistry. Our Review elaborates these connections and discusses the bonding, electronic structure and chemical transformations at nanomaterial surfaces. We specifically focus on the role of surface ligands in tuning and rationally designing properties of functional nanomaterials. Given their importance for biomedical (imaging, diagnostics and therapeutics) and optoelectronic (light-emitting devices, transistors, solar cells) applications, we end with an assessment of application-targeted surface engineering.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Oncol
                Front Oncol
                Front. Oncol.
                Frontiers in Oncology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2234-943X
                22 October 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 749970
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
                [2] 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research Yangzhou , Yangzhou, China
                [3] 3 Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab , Lahore, Pakistan
                Author notes

                Edited by: Michael Evangelopoulos, Northwestern University, United States

                Reviewed by: Iman Yazdi, Regis College, United States; Farah Deba, University of Texas at Tyler, United States

                *Correspondence: Haibo Sun, frenksun@ 123456126.com

                This article was submitted to Cancer Imaging and Image-directed Interventions, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology

                Article
                10.3389/fonc.2021.749970
                8569511
                34745974
                e7853256-b348-4806-a931-d1a99a5b01e2
                Copyright © 2021 Liang, Khawar, Liang and Sun

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 30 July 2021
                : 30 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 124, Pages: 14, Words: 6689
                Funding
                Funded by: YangZhou Science and Technology Bureau , doi 10.13039/501100014862;
                Categories
                Oncology
                Review

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                qds,cancer,bio-imaging,detection,fluorescence
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                qds, cancer, bio-imaging, detection, fluorescence

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