Preparation of diblock copolymer nano-assemblies by ultrasonics assisted ethanol-phase polymerization-induced self-assembly

Graphical abstract

Using ultrasonics-assisted polymerization induced self-assembly method to preparing nano-assemblies of various morphologies. It is found that ultrasound can increase the aggregation rate, but at the same time it inhibits the transformation of the morphology. The input of ultrasound energy the interval corresponding to the formation of spherical micelles is expanded, the f _hydrophilic required to form worms, vesicles, and large composite vesicles decreases in turn.

Abstract

Assemblies are widely used in biomedicine, batteries, functional coatings, Pickering emulsifiers, hydrogels, and luminescent materials. Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a method for efficiently preparing particles, mainly initiated thermally. However, thermally initiated PISA usually requires a significant amount of time and energy. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of nano-assemblies with controllable morphologies and size using ultrasound (20 kHz) assisted ethanol-phase RAFT-PISA in three hours. Using poly ( N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) as the macromolecular reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer agent (PDMA-CTA) to control the nucleating monomer benzyl methacrylate (BzMA), we obtained nano-assemblies with different morphologies. With the length of hydrophobic PBzMA block growth, the morphologies of the assemblies at 15 wt% solid content changed from spheres to vesicles, and finally to lamellae; the morphologies of the assemblies at 30 wt% changed from spheres micelles to short worms, then vesicles, and finally to large compound vesicles. With the same targeted degree of polymerization, nano-assemblies having a 30 wt% solid content display a more evolved morphology. The input of ultrasonic energy makes the system have higher surface free energy, results the mass fraction interval of solventphilic blocks ( f _hydrophilic) corresponding to the formation of spherical micelles is expanded from f _hydrophilic > 45 % to f _hydrophilic > 31 % under ultrasound and the f _hydrophilic required to form worms, vesicles, and large composite vesicles decreases in turn. It is worth noting that the f _hydrophilic interval of worms prepared by ultrasonics assisted PISA gets larger. Overall, the highly green, externally-regulatable and fast method of ultrasonics assisted PISA can be extended to vastly different diblock copolymers, for a wide range of applications.