What Do (and Don’t) We Know About Self-Compassion? Trends and Issues in Theory, Mechanisms, and Outcomes

Abstract

Objectives

While self-compassion is increasingly being researched, a clear understanding of what self-compassion is, how it works, and for which outcomes remains elusive. This article summarizes and critically evaluates current theoretical and empirical trends in the self-compassion literature. We provide directions for future research to support a more comprehensive understanding of self-compassion.

Method

This paper systematically evaluates issues in three interrelated areas: (1) over-reliance on a particular conceptualization of self-compassion, (2) a narrow focus on the affective mechanisms as per the general resource model of self-regulation, and (3) the prioritization of intrapersonal outcomes over inter-personal outcomes.

Results

Our analysis suggests that current understandings of what self-compassion is and how it impacts outcomes are limited in several ways. Firstly, self-compassion is almost exclusively operationalized using the Self Compassion Scale, inadvertently constraining how we think about this complex construct. Secondly, a heavy emphasis remains on unmeasured changes in “general resources” as explanatory, while more specific pathways beyond affectivity or resource management are rarely considered. Lastly, intrapersonal outcomes are prioritized over interpersonal or social outcomes, which restricts our understanding of the broader benefits of self-compassion.

Conclusions

To address the limitations, we suggest embracing and assessing multiple conceptualizations of self-compassion, empirically testing a wider range of plausible mediators, and investigating a broader range of outcomes, including those in both interpersonal and social spheres. Ongoing consideration of such issues will facilitate our empirical and theoretical understanding of self-compassion, enabling us to adapt more efficient interventions to benefit a wider group of individuals and our society at large.