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      The Institutionalization of Universal Health Policy in Costa Rica and Current Challenges Translated title: La institucionalización de la política universal de salud en Costa Rica y sus retos actuales

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          Abstract

          Objective: To analyze the role of the Ministry of Health in Costa Rican public policy. Methods: The analysis is a case study comparing two periods (1950 - 1990 and 1990 - 2010) using qualitative data collection instruments, including review of literature and institutional documents as well as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, all with data triangulation. Results: The analysis found important differences between two periods: before the 1990s,consecutive governments were strongly committed to the pursuit of universal health coverage (UHC); afterwards, resources moved to the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS) and the private sector, causing a chain of effects that complicated the search for financial sustainability. Discussion: The 1990s health system reforms were a turning point in Costa Rica’s UHC process. Searching for increased efficiency and sustainability, primary health care was integrated into the CCSS schemes triggering an implicit boom in private sector activity, also related to changes in the political-economic context. The plan to strengthen the Health Ministry’s stewardship role did not really succeed. UHC in Costa Rica enjoys strong popular support, which guarantees a level of political sustainability, but to ensure its financial sustainability, concerted government action is required to improve interinstitutional, sectorial and inter-sectorial coordination.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo: Analizar el papel del Ministerio de Salud en la política pública costarricense. Métodos: El análisis es un estudio de caso que compara dos periodos (1950 - 1990 y 1990 -2010) utilizando instrumentos de recolección de información cualitativos, incluyendo la revisión de literatura y documentos institucionales, además de entrevistas a profundidad y grupos focales, todo con triangulación de datos. Resultados: El análisis encuentra diferencias importantes entre los dos periodos: antes de los 1990s, gobiernos consecutivos estaban fuertemente comprometidos para lograr la cobertura universal de salud (CUS); después, los recursos de poder se movieron hacia la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS) y el sector privado causando una cadena de efectos que complicó la búsqueda de sostenibilidad financiera. Discusión: La reforma de salud de los 1990s fue un punto de cambio en el proceso hacia la CUS en Costa Rica. Buscando más eficiencia y sostenibilidad, la red de salud primaria se integró en el esquema de la CCSS lo que desencadenó un auge implícito en la actividad del sector privado, relacionado también con cambios en el contexto político-económico. El plan de fortalecer el papel de rectoría por parte del Ministerio de Salud no se efectuó. La CUS en Costa Rica cuenta con fuerte apoyo popular lo que le da cierto grado de sostenibilidad política, pero para garantizar la sostenibilidad financiera se requiere acción concertada del gobierno para mejorar la coordinación inter-institucional, sectorial e inter-sectorial.

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          Most cited references25

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          Reforming the health sector in developing countries: the central role of policy analysis

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            La Seguridad Social y el desarrollo en Costa Rica

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              Promoting universal financial protection: a policy analysis of universal health coverage in Costa Rica (1940–2000)

              Background This paper explores the implementation and sustenance of universal health coverage (UHC) in Costa Rica, discussing the development of a social security scheme that covered 5% of the population in 1940, to one that finances and provides comprehensive healthcare to the whole population today. The scheme is financed by mandatory, tri-partite social insurance contributions complemented by tax funding to cover the poor. Methods The analysis takes a historical perspective and explores the policy process including the key actors and their relative influence in decision-making. Data were collected using qualitative research instruments, including a review of literature, institutional and other documents, and in-depth interviews with key informants. Results Key lessons to be learned are: i) population health was high on the political agenda in Costa Rica, in particular before the 1980s when UHC was enacted and the transfer of hospitals to the social security institution took place. Opposition to UHC could therefore be contained through negotiation and implemented incrementally despite the absence of real consensus among the policy elite; ii) since the 1960s, the social security institution has been responsible for UHC in Costa Rica. This institution enjoys financial and managerial autonomy relative to the general government, which has also facilitated the UHC policy implementation process; iii) UHC was simultaneously constructed on three pillars that reciprocally strengthened each other: increasing population coverage, increasing availability of financial resources based on solidarity financing mechanisms, and increasing service coverage, ultimately offering comprehensive health services and the same benefits to every resident in the country; iv) particularly before the 1980s, the fruits of economic growth were structurally invested in health and other universal social policies, in particular education and sanitation. The social security institution became a flagship of Costa Rica’s national development strategy which reinforced its political importance and contributed to its longer-term sustainability and that of UHC. Conclusions UHC has been achieved in Costa Rica because it was supported at the highest political level within a favourable socio-economic and political context. Once achieved, UHC became an entitlement for the population and now enjoys broad public support.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcsp
                Revista Costarricense de Salud Pública
                Rev. costarric. salud pública
                Asociación Costarricense de Salud Pública (San José )
                1409-1429
                December 2013
                : 22
                : 2
                : 94-103
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Costa Rica Costa Rica
                Article
                S1409-14292013000200003
                e70df997-ef3f-4611-bc05-2324a5a3e560

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1409-1429&lng=en
                Categories
                Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

                Public health
                Health Insurance,Public Policy,Política de Salud,Seguro de Salud,Política Social,Health Policy

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