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      Microglial activation after ischaemic stroke

      review-article
      Author(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Stroke and Vascular Neurology
      Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
      Keywords: ischaemic stroke, microglia, activation, two-photon imaging

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          Abstract

          Ischaemic stroke can induce rapid activation of microglia. As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglial activation is believed to play a central role in neuroinflammation and pathological progression of ischaemic tissue. The activation of microglia after ischaemia involves several stereotypical events including morphological transformation, proliferation and polarisation. Studies using confocal or two-photon imaging techniques have revealed that the degree of microglial activation is correlated with the degree of ischaemia. Activated microglia display diverse polarisation phenotypes. It remains largely unclear regarding whether activated microglia are beneficial or detrimental to poststroke recovery. This mini-review focuses on the morphological and functional aspects of microglial activation, with particular attention to progress in two-photon imaging studies.

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          Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration.

          Marco Colonna, Oleg Butovsky (2017)
          Microglia are resident cells of the brain that regulate brain development, maintenance of neuronal networks, and injury repair. Microglia serve as brain macrophages but are distinct from other tissue macrophages owing to their unique homeostatic phenotype and tight regulation by the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. They are responsible for the elimination of microbes, dead cells, redundant synapses, protein aggregates, and other particulate and soluble antigens that may endanger the CNS. Furthermore, as the primary source of proinflammatory cytokines, microglia are pivotal mediators of neuroinflammation and can induce or modulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Alterations in microglia functionality are implicated in brain development and aging, as well as in neurodegeneration. Recent observations about microglia ontogeny combined with extensive gene expression profiling and novel tools to study microglia biology have allowed us to characterize the spectrum of microglial phenotypes during development, homeostasis, and disease. In this article, we review recent advances in our understanding of the biology of microglia, their contribution to homeostasis, and their involvement in neurodegeneration. Moreover, we highlight the complexity of targeting microglia for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology Volume 35 is April 26, 2017. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
          Article 0 comments Cited 860 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Microglia development and function.

            Debasis Nayak, Theodore L Roth, Dorian B McGavern (2014)
            Proper development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) depend critically on the activity of parenchymal sentinels referred to as microglia. Although microglia were first described as ramified brain-resident phagocytes, research conducted over the past century has expanded considerably upon this narrow view and ascribed many functions to these dynamic CNS inhabitants. Microglia are now considered among the most versatile cells in the body, possessing the capacity to morphologically and functionally adapt to their ever-changing surroundings. Even in a resting state, the processes of microglia are highly dynamic and perpetually scan the CNS. Microglia are in fact vital participants in CNS homeostasis, and dysregulation of these sentinels can give rise to neurological disease. In this review, we discuss the exciting developments in our understanding of microglial biology, from their developmental origin to their participation in CNS homeostasis and pathophysiological states such as neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, sterile injury responses, and infectious diseases. We also delve into the world of microglial dynamics recently uncovered using real-time imaging techniques.
            Article 0 comments Cited 423 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke.

              Yuanyuan Ma, Jixian Wang, Yongting Wang … (2017)
              Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site. Traditionally, microglia activation is considered to play a deleterious role in ischemic stroke, as inhibition of microglia activation attenuates ischemia induced brain injury. However, increasing evidence show that microglia activation is critical for attenuating neuronal apoptosis, enhancing neurogenesis, and promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Differential polarization of microglia could likely explain the biphasic role of microglia in ischemia. We comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms involved in regulating microglia activation and polarization. The latest discoveries of microRNAs in modulating microglia function are discussed. In addition, the interaction between microglia and other cells including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and stem cells were also reviewed. Future therapies targeting microglia may not exclusively aim at suppressing microglia activation, but also at modulating microglia polarization at different stages of ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglia polarization under ischemic environment. The roles of microRNAs and transplanted stem cells in mediating microglia activation and polarization during brain ischemia also need to be further studied.
              Article 0 comments Cited 311 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stroke Vasc Neurol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stroke Vasc Neurol
                Journal ID (hwp): svnbmj
                Journal ID (publisher-id): svn
                Title: Stroke and Vascular Neurology
                Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2059-8696
                Publication date Collection: July 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 May 2019
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 71-74
                Affiliations
                [1] departmentGansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution , School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, China
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Shengxiang Zhang, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University School Of Life Sciences, Lanzhou, China; sxzhang@ 123456lzu.edu.cn
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6524-9673
                Article
                Publisher ID: svn-2018-000196
                DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000196
                PMC ID: 6613941
                PubMed ID: 31338213
                SO-VID: e6d7f717-b83f-4640-a65d-a6e1b036acdd
                Copyright © © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 19 October 2018
                Date revision received : 16 April 2019
                Date accepted : 23 April 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: 1506
                Custom metadata
                special-feature unlocked

                Keywords: ischaemic stroke,microglia,activation,two-photon imaging
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ischaemic stroke, microglia, activation, two-photon imaging

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