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      Cultivating Villa Economies: Archaeobotanical and Isotopic Evidence for Iron Age to Roman Agricultural Practices on the Chalk Downlands of Southern Britain

      European Journal of Archaeology
      Cambridge University Press (CUP)

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          Abstract

          Agricultural practices are key for understanding socio-economic change, community organization, and relationships with landscape and the environment. Under the Roman Empire, cereals were vital for supplying urban and military populations, yet cereal husbandry practices within villa landscapes remain underexplored. In this article, the author applies new methods to analyse a large assemblage of charred plant remains from an area of chalk downland in central-southern England in order to evaluate changes in cereal production strategies over the Middle Iron Age to late Roman periods. Archaeobotany, carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and functional weed ecology are combined to reconstruct crop husbandry practices, in order to establish the cereal production system of Roman villas and the preceding Iron Age settlements, and to consider the environmental and socio-economic impact of cereal production systems.

          Abstract

          L’étude des pratiques agricoles est essentielle à la compréhension des transformations socio-économiques, de l'organisation des communautés et de leurs relations avec leur environnement. Bien que sous l'Empire romain l'approvisionnement en céréales fût indispensable aux populations urbaines et aux effectifs militaires, la culture des céréales dans les paysages occupés par les villas reste un thème peu exploré. L'emploi de nouvelles méthodes d'analyse permet à l'auteur d'examiner un grand ensemble de restes de plantes carbonisés provenant d'une zone de collines crayeuses du sud de l'Angleterre et d’évaluer les transformations dans les stratégies de production céréalières au cours de l’âge du Fer moyen et récent et pendant le Bas Empire. En combinant les analyses archéobotaniques, celles des isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote et celles concernant l’écologie des mauvaises herbes, l'auteur tente de reconstruire l'exploitation des cultures et le système de production des céréales pratiqués par les villas romaines et par les établissements de l’âge du Fer et de considérer les conséquences socio-économiques et environnementales des systèmes de production céréalière. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

          Abstract

          Die Erforschung der landwirtschaftlichen Praktiken spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in unserem Verständnis von Wandlungsprozessen im sozioökonomischen Umfeld, der Gliederung der Gemeinschaften und deren Zusammenhänge mit ihrer örtlichen Landschaft und Umwelt. Obschon Getreide für die Versorgung der städtischen Bevölkerungen und des Militärs im Römischen Reich wesentlich war, ist der Getreideanbau in den römischen Villenlandschaften wenig erforscht. Die Anwendung neuer Methoden in der Analyse einer großen Sammlung von verkohlten Pflanzenresten aus einer Kreidehügellandschaft in Südengland gibt der Verfasserin die Möglichkeit, Veränderungen im Getreideanbau von der mittleren Eisenzeit bis zur späten Kaiserzeit auszuwerten. Die Kombination von archäobotanischen Untersuchungen, Analysen der Isotopen von Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff und Betrachtungen der Ökologie der Unkräuter ermöglicht es, die landwirtschaftlichen Praktiken zu rekonstruieren, den Getreideanbau der römischen Villen und früheren eisenzeitlichen Siedlungen zu bewerten und die umweltbedingten und sozioökonomischen Auswirkungen der Getreideproduktion zu erwägen. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

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          Most cited references61

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          Domestication of Plants in the Old World

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            Manuring and stable nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals and pulses: towards a new archaeobotanical approach to the inference of land use and dietary practices

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              Complexities of nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in plant-soil systems: implications for the study of ancient agricultural and animal management practices

              Paul Szpak (2014)
              Nitrogen isotopic studies have the potential to shed light on the structure of ancient ecosystems, agropastoral regimes, and human-environment interactions. Until relatively recently, however, little attention was paid to the complexities of nitrogen transformations in ancient plant-soil systems and their potential impact on plant and animal tissue nitrogen isotopic compositions. This paper discusses the importance of understanding nitrogen dynamics in ancient contexts, and highlights several key areas of archaeology where a more detailed understanding of these processes may enable us to answer some fundamental questions. This paper explores two larger themes that are prominent in archaeological studies using stable nitrogen isotope analysis: (1) agricultural practices (use of animal fertilizers, burning of vegetation or shifting cultivation, and tillage) and (2) animal domestication and husbandry (grazing intensity/stocking rate and the foddering of domestic animals with cultigens). The paucity of plant material in ancient deposits necessitates that these issues are addressed primarily through the isotopic analysis of skeletal material rather than the plants themselves, but the interpretation of these data hinges on a thorough understanding of the underlying biogeochemical processes in plant-soil systems. Building on studies conducted in modern ecosystems and under controlled conditions, these processes are reviewed, and their relevance discussed for ancient contexts.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                European Journal of Archaeology
                Eur. j. archaeol
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                1461-9571
                1741-2722
                November 2023
                February 08 2023
                November 2023
                : 26
                : 4
                : 445-466
                Article
                10.1017/eaa.2022.47
                e6462a9f-6533-4242-8ecc-eb41797f7b14
                © 2023

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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