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      The SAGE Model of Social Psychological Research

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          Abstract

          We propose a SAGE model for social psychological research. Encapsulated in our acronym is a proposal to have a synthetic approach to social psychological research, in which qualitative methods are augmentative to quantitative ones, qualitative methods can be generative of new experimental hypotheses, and qualitative methods can capture experiences that evade experimental reductionism. We remind social psychological researchers that psychology was founded in multiple methods of investigation at multiple levels of analysis. We discuss historical examples and our own research as contemporary examples of how a SAGE model can operate in part or as an integrated whole. The implications of our model are discussed.

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          The neglected 95%: why American psychology needs to become less American.

          Jeffrey J Arnett (2008)
          This article proposes that psychological research published in APA journals focuses too narrowly on Americans, who comprise less than 5% of the world's population. The result is an understanding of psychology that is incomplete and does not adequately represent humanity. First, an analysis of articles published in six premier APA journals is presented, showing that the contributors, samples, and editorial leadership of the journals are predominantly American. Then, a demographic profile of the human population is presented to show that the majority of the world's population lives in conditions vastly different from the conditions of Americans, underlining doubts of how well American psychological research can be said to represent humanity. The reasons for the narrowness of American psychological research are examined, with a focus on a philosophy of science that emphasizes fundamental processes and ignores or strips away cultural context. Finally, several suggestions for broadening the scope of American psychology are offered.
          Article 0 comments Cited 335 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Qualitative research and psychological theorizing.

            D Henwood, C Pidgeon (1992)
            Unlike other disciplines in the human sciences, psychology has undervalued the role of qualitative research methods in scientific inquiry. This has done a disservice to psychology, depriving its practitioners of skills which can simultaneously liberate and discipline the theoretical imagination. 'Grounded theory' is one useful approach to the systematic generation of theory from qualitative data, and alternative criteria can be advanced for judging the adequacy of research where qualitative methods have been used. An advantage of qualitative research is that theory is generated which is contextually sensitive, persuasive, and relevant.
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              Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past.

              Martin Seligman, Peter Railton, Roy Baumeister … (2013)
              Prospection (Gilbert & Wilson, 2007), the representation of possible futures, is a ubiquitous feature of the human mind. Much psychological theory and practice, in contrast, has understood human action as determined by the past and viewed any such teleology (selection of action in light of goals) as a violation of natural law because the future cannot act on the present. Prospection involves no backward causation; rather, it is guidance not by the future itself but by present, evaluative representations of possible future states. These representations can be understood minimally as "If X, then Y" conditionals, and the process of prospection can be understood as the generation and evaluation of these conditionals. We review the history of the attempt to cast teleology out of science, culminating in the failures of behaviorism and psychoanalysis to account adequately for action without teleology. A wide range of evidence suggests that prospection is a central organizing feature of perception, cognition, affect, memory, motivation, and action. The authors speculate that prospection casts new light on why subjectivity is part of consciousness, what is "free" and "willing" in "free will," and on mental disorders and their treatment. Viewing behavior as driven by the past was a powerful framework that helped create scientific psychology, but accumulating evidence in a wide range of areas of research suggests a shift in framework, in which navigation into the future is seen as a core organizing principle of animal and human behavior.
              Article 0 comments Cited 121 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Perspect Psychol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Perspect Psychol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PPS
                Journal ID (hwp): sppps
                Title: Perspectives on Psychological Science
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                ISSN (Print): 1745-6916
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-6924
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 January 2018
                Publication date (Print): May 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 359-372
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago
                [2 ]The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, University of Cambridge
                Author notes
                [*]Séamus A. Power, Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago, Social Sciences Research Building, Chicago, IL 60637-5418 E-mail: seamusapower@ 123456uchicago.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_1745691617734863
                DOI: 10.1177/1745691617734863
                PMC ID: 5946666
                PubMed ID: 29361241
                SO-VID: e6325c4b-e4eb-4085-a625-37bcd2677d43
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
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                Subject: Article

                Keywords: sage model,qualitative methods,quantitative methods,history of psychology,social psychology
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sage model, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, history of psychology, social psychology

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