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      Personality traits and complex problem solving: Personality disorders and their effects on complex problem-solving ability

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          Abstract

          Complex problem solving (CPS) can be interpreted as the number of psychological mechanisms that allow us to reach our targets in difficult situations, that can be classified as complex, dynamic, non-transparent, interconnected, and multilayered, and also polytelic. The previous results demonstrated associations between the personality dimensions neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion and problem-solving performance. However, there are no studies dealing with personality disorders in connection with CPS skills. Therefore, the current study examines a clinical sample consisting of people with personality and/or depressive disorders. As we have data for all the potential personality disorders and also data from each patient regarding to potential depression, we meet the whole range from healthy to impaired for each personality disorder and for depression. We make use of a unique operationalization: CPS was surveyed in a simulation game, making use of the microworld approach. This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that personality traits are related to CPS performance. Results show that schizotypal, histrionic, dependent, and depressive persons are less likely to successfully solve problems, while persons having the additional behavioral characteristics of resilience, action orientation, and motivation for creation are more likely to successfully solve complex problems.

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          Most cited references43

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          Psychological Resilience

          The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the variety of definitions, concepts, and theories of psychological resilience. To this end, the narrative is divided into three main sections. The first considers how resilience has been defined in the psychology research literature. Despite the construct being operationalized in a variety of ways, most definitions are based around two core concepts: adversity and positive adaptation. A substantial body of evidence suggests that resilience is required in response to different adversities, ranging from ongoing daily hassles to major life events, and that positive adaptation must be conceptually appropriate to the adversity examined in terms of the domains assessed and the stringency of criteria used. The second section examines the conceptualization of resilience as either a trait or a process, and explores how it is distinct from a number of related terms. Resilience is conceptualized as the interactive influence of psychological characteristics within the context of the stress process. The final section reviews the theories of resilience and critically examines one theory in particular that is commonly cited in the resilience literature. Future theories in this area should take into account the multiple demands individuals encounter, the meta-cognitive and -emotive processes that affect the resilience-stress relationship, and the conceptual distinction between resilience and coping. The review concludes with implications for policy, practice, and research including the need to carefully manage individuals’ immediate environment, and to develop the protective and promotive factors that individuals can proactively use to build resilience.
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            Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale.

            This study describes the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the 25-item Resilience Scale (RS) in a sample of 810 community-dwelling older adults. Principal components factor analysis of the RS was conducted followed by oblimin rotation indicating that the factor structure represented two factors (Personal Competence and Acceptance of Self and Life). Positive correlations with adaptational outcomes (physical health, morale, and life satisfaction) and a negative correlation with depression supported concurrent validity of the RS. The results of this study support the internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity of the RS as an instrument to measure resilience.
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              Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination.

              The phenomenology of dysphoric rumination and its consequences for problem solving were explored in 3 studies. In Study 1, self-focused rumination, compared with distraction, led dysphoric participants to rate their own biggest problems as severe and unsolvable and to report a reduced likelihood of actually implementing their solutions. Clues into the mechanisms behind these findings were explored in Study 2. The results showed that dysphoric ruminative thought is characterized by a focus on personal problems combined with a negative tone, self-criticism, and self-blame for problems as well as reduced self-confidence, optimism, and perceived control. Finally, Study 3 revealed a direct relationship between the negatively biased content of ruminative thoughts and reduced willingness to solve one's problems. Implications of these findings for the consequences of self-focused rumination are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                03 August 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 788402
                Affiliations
                [1] 1College of Education, Institute of Educational Sciences and Research , Salzburg, Austria
                [2] 2Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
                [3] 3Department of Psychology, University of Graz , Graz, Austria
                [4] 4Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Paracelsus Medical Private University , Salzburg, Austria
                [5] 5Institute of Synergetics and Psychotherapy Research, Paracelsus Medical Private University , Salzburg, Austria
                Author notes

                Edited by: Konrad Schnabel, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Germany

                Reviewed by: Joachim Funke, Heidelberg University, Germany; Patrick Charles Kyllonen, Educational Testing Service, United States

                *Correspondence: Ulrike Kipman, u_kipman@ 123456yahoo.de

                This article was submitted to Personality and Social Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2022.788402
                9382194
                35992417
                e51ccf41-1f0c-418f-b11b-2273902cf249
                Copyright © 2022 Kipman, Bartholdy, Weiss, Aichhorn and Schiepek.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 21 October 2021
                : 08 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 1, References: 44, Pages: 10, Words: 6838
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                complex problem solving (cps),personality disorders,behavioral characteristics,personality traits,problem solving

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