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      Avaliação muscular isocinética do quadríceps em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica Translated title: Isokinetic muscle evaluation of quadriceps in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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          Abstract

          Contexto: A debilidade muscular tem impacto significativo na qualidade de vida do indivíduo com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC), correlacionando-se com o número de exacerbações e a mortalidade. Medir a força muscular torna-se, portanto, de extrema importância. A ausência de padronização quanto ao número de séries e intervalo de recuperação no protocolo de avaliação isocinética pode gerar resultados díspares, dificultando a compreensão e a comparação a entre os estudos. Objectivo: Análise do efeito de duas séries e três intervalos de repouso na medida de força isocinética do quadríceps, a fim de identificar o protocolo adequado para a realização do teste. Métodos: Indivíduos com DPOC grave ou muito grave realizaram três testes isocinéticos para avaliação da musculatura extensora do joelho, à velocidade angular de 60°.s-1, com intervalos de recuperação de 30, 60 ou 120 segundos. Cada teste consistiu em duas séries de cinco repetições, nas quais foram mensurados pico de torque, trabalho total e índice de fadiga. Resultados: Nos 20 indivíduos estudados (66,1 ± 7,4 anos, 70 ± 10,8 kg, 167,4 ± ± 6,2 cm, VEF1 36,5 ± 10,1% do predito) não houve diferença significativa nos valores de pico de torque, trabalho total e índice de fadiga, independente do número de séries ou da duração do intervalo de recuperação entre elas. Conclusão: Em indivíduos com DPOC grave ou muito grave, a força muscular do quadríceps pode ser avaliada por meio de protocolo isocinético composto por uma série de contracções com cinco repetições; se forem realizadas duas séries, 30 segundos de intervalo entre elas é suficiente para garantir a recuperação muscular.

          Translated abstract

          Rationale: Muscle debility has a significant impact on health-related quality of life in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is correlated to exacerbation and even mortality. Assessing muscle strength is extremely relevant. Lack of standardisation in numbers of sets and rest interval in isokinetic test protocol can lead to distinct results, making comprehension and comparisons among studies difficult. Aim: To analyse the effect of two sets and three different rest intervals on isokinetic strength measurement of quadriceps tests, in order to define the adequate test protocol. Methods: Subjects with severe or very severe COPD underwent three isokinetic tests to evaluate knee extensor muscle strength, at an angular velocity of 60°.s-1, with rest intervals of 30, 60 and 120 seconds. Each test consisted of two sets of five repetitions, during which peak torque, total work and fatigue index were measured. Results: In 20 studied subjects (66.1 ± 7.4 years, 70 ± 10.8kg, 167.4 ± 6.2cm, FEV1 36.5 ± 10.1%), there were no significant differences in peak torque, total work and fatigue index, independent of number of sets or rest interval between sets. Conclusion: In subjects with severe or very severe COPD, quadriceps muscle strength can be evaluated by an isokinetic protocol with one set of five repetitions. If two sets are performed, a rest interval of 30 seconds is enough to ensure muscle recovery between sets.

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          Physical activity in patients with COPD.

          The present study aimed to measure physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to: 1) identify the disease stage at which physical activity becomes limited; 2) investigate the relationship of clinical characteristics with physical activity; 3) evaluate the predictive power of clinical characteristics identifying very inactive patients; and 4) analyse the reliability of physical activity measurements. In total, 163 patients with COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I-IV; BODE (body mass index, airway obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity) index score 0-10) and 29 patients with chronic bronchitis (normal spirometry; former GOLD stage 0) wore activity monitors that recorded steps per day, minutes of at least moderate activity, and physical activity levels for 5 days (3 weekdays plus Saturday and Sunday). Compared with patients with chronic bronchitis, steps per day, minutes of at least moderate activity and physical activity levels were reduced from GOLD stage II/BODE score 1, GOLD stage III/BODE score 3/4 and from GOLD stage III/BODE score 1, respectively. Reliability of physical activity measurements improved with the number of measured days and with higher GOLD stages. Moderate relationships were observed between clinical characteristics and physical activity. GOLD stages III and IV best predicted very inactive patients. Physical activity is reduced in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II/ body mass index, airway obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity score 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease only incompletely reflect their physical activity.
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            Influence of sarcopenia on the development of physical disability: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

            To examine the temporal relationship between sarcopenia and disability in elderly men and women. Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in older people. Four U.S. communities. Five thousand thirty-six men and women aged 65 and older. Whole-body skeletal muscle mass was measured at baseline, and subjects were classified as having normal muscle mass, moderate sarcopenia, or severe sarcopenia based on previously established thresholds. Disability was measured via questionnaire at baseline in up to eight annual follow-up examinations. The cross-sectional relationship between sarcopenia and prevalent disability at baseline was examined using logistic regression models. The longitudinal relation between sarcopenia and incident disability over 8 years of follow-up was examined using Cox proportional hazards models. At baseline, the likelihood of disability was 79% greater in those with severe sarcopenia (P<.001) but was not significantly greater in those with moderate sarcopenia (P=.38) than in those with normal muscle mass. During the 8-year follow-up, the risk of developing disability was 27% greater in those with severe sarcopenia (P=.006) but was not statistically greater in those with moderate sarcopenia (P=.23) than in those with normal muscle mass. Severe sarcopenia was a modest independent risk factor for the development of physical disability. The effect of sarcopenia on disability was considerably smaller in the longitudinal analysis than in the cross-sectional analysis.
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              Muscle weakness is related to utilization of health care resources in COPD patients.

              The factors determining utilization of health care resources in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poorly understood. In order to obtain insight into these factors, we studied the utilization of health care resources in 57 stable COPD patients with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 36 +/- 9% predicted. Patients were divided into two groups: admitted at least twice in the last year (high medical consumption; n = 23) or not admitted in the last year (low medical consumption; n = 34). Other variables related to utilization of health care resources studied were; the number of hospital days; the number of out-patient visits to a pulmonary department in the last year; and the average daily dose (ADD) of corticosteroids taken in the last 6 months. The actual cost of utilization of health care resources, however, was not studied. In addition, pulmonary function, serum electrolytes, blood gas values, 6 min walking distance, respiratory and peripheral muscle force, and appraisal of self-care agency (ASA score) were studied. Pulmonary function, serum electrolytes, blood gas values, ASA score and walking distance were not different between the two groups (e.g. FEV1 36 +/- 8 vs 36 +/- 10% pred). Respiratory muscle forces tended to be lower in the high medical consumption group, this tendency almost reaching statistical significance for maximal expiratory pressure (PE,max) (p = 0.08). Peripheral muscle force, however, was clearly reduced in the high medical consumption group (quadriceps force 63 +/- 20 vs 82 +/- 26% pred; p < 0.05). The number of admissions, the number of hospital days, the number of out-patient visits, and ADD were interrelated and also related to ventilatory and peripheral muscle force (r -0.18 to -0.38). This relationship was statistically significant for PE,max, whilst a similar tendency was present for maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, only quadriceps force was a significant determinant of utilization of health care services. We conclude that utilization of health care services in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is related to ventilatory and peripheral muscle force. Whether or not reduced muscle force is simply an expression of disease severity remains to be determined.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pne
                Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia
                Rev Port Pneumol
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia (Lisboa )
                0873-2159
                September 2010
                : 16
                : 5
                : 717-736
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Brasília Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de Brasília Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de Brasília Brazil
                Article
                S0873-21592010000500003
                10.1016/S0873-2159(15)30068-4
                e4751f3d-2d9d-47dd-84ae-3bebbc7fa96d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0873-2159&lng=en
                Categories
                RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

                Respiratory medicine
                Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,muscle strength,isokinetic test,reference standards,Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica,força muscular,teste isocinético,padrões de referência

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