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      Use of potassium phosphite, rotation of fungicides, ozonized water and chlorine dioxide to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum) Translated title: Uso de fosfito de potasio, rotación de fungicidas, agua ozonizada y dióxido de cloro para el control del tizón tardío (Phytophthora infestans) en cultivos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum)

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          Abstract

          Abstract Late blight is a disease of growing importance in solanaceous crops. Fungicides have a leading role in controlling late blight; however, many fungicide applications result in the selection of individuals who are P. infestans resistant to fungicides. Phosphites are innocuous products that directly and indirectly affect oomycetes’ development, particularly on P. infestans. These products significantly reduce the damage caused by oomycetes, individually or in combination with fungicides. Although they are not new, fungicides such as Benalaxyl-M, Dimetomorph, Fluazinam, and Propamocarb still have a good effect on the control of P. infestans. They are interesting alternatives for a late blight rotation program since each has a different mode of action. Tomato plants were transplanted in the field and under a randomized complete block design, 9 treatments were tested (T1: Rotation of fungicides with an application frequency of 7 days, T2: Rotation of fungicides plus potassium phosphite every 7 days, T3: Rotation of fungicides with an application frequency of 14 days, T4: Rotation of fungicides with an application frequency of 14 days plus potassium phosphite, T5: Chlorine dioxide every 7 days, T6: Chlorine dioxide every 14 days, T7: Ozonized water every 7 days, T8: Ozonized water every 14 days and T9: Tomato plants without application of any treatment (control)). Variables related to the intensity of late blight and productivity were evaluated in each treatment studied. Using rotation plus potassium phosphite with application periods of 7 and 14 days reduced the intensity of late blight and increased tomato productivity. Applying phosphites and fungicides in rotation, such as Benalaxyl-M, Dimetomorph, Fluazinam, and Propamocarb, constitute an alternative that should be considered in late blight control programs in Solanaceae.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El tizón tardío es una enfermedad de creciente importancia en los cultivos de solanáceas. Los fungicidas desempeñan un papel crucial en el control del tizón tardío; sin embargo, muchas aplicaciones de fungicidas resultan en la selección de individuos de P. infestans resistentes a estos productos. Los fosfitos son productos inocuos que afectan directa e indirectamente el desarrollo de los oomicetos, particularmente de P. infestans. Estos productos reducen significativamente el daño causado por los oomicetos, ya sea individualmente o en combinación con fungicidas. Aunque no son nuevos, fungicidas como Benalaxil-M, Dimetomorf, Fluazinam y Propamocarb aún tienen un buen efecto en el control de P. infestans. Estos fungicidas representan alternativas interesantes para un programa de rotación contra el tizón tardío, ya que cada uno tiene un modo de acción diferente. Se trasplantaron plantas de tomate en campo y, bajo un diseño de bloques completamente aleatorizado, se probaron 9 tratamientos (T1: Rotación de fungicidas con una frecuencia de aplicación de 7 días, T2: Rotación de fungicidas más fosfito de potasio cada 7 días, T3: Rotación de fungicidas con una frecuencia de aplicación de 14 días, T4: Rotación de fungicidas con una frecuencia de 14 días más fosfito de potasio, T5: Dióxido de cloro cada 7 días, T6: Dióxido de cloro cada 14 días, T7: Agua ozonizada cada 7 días, T8: Agua ozonizada cada 14 días y T9: Plantas de tomate sin aplicación de ningún tratamiento (control)). En cada tratamiento se evaluaron variables relacionadas con la intensidad del tizón tardío y la productividad. El uso de rotación más fosfito de potasio con períodos de aplicación de 7 y 14 días redujo la intensidad del tizón tardío y aumentó la productividad del tomate. La aplicación de fosfitos y fungicidas en rotación, como Benalaxil-M, Dimetomorf, Fluazinam y Propamocarb, constituye una alternativa que debe considerarse en los programas de control del tizón tardío en Solanaceae.

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          Most cited references24

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          Phosphite, an analog of phosphate, suppresses the coordinated expression of genes under phosphate starvation.

          Phosphate (Pi) and its analog phosphite (Phi) are acquired by plants via Pi transporters. Although the uptake and mobility of Phi and Pi are similar, there is no evidence suggesting that plants can utilize Phi as a sole source of phosphorus. Phi is also known to interfere with many of the Pi starvation responses in plants and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In this study, effects of Phi on plant growth and coordinated expression of genes induced by Pi starvation were analyzed. Phi suppressed many of the Pi starvation responses that are commonly observed in plants. Enhanced root growth and root to shoot ratio, a hallmark of Pi stress response, was strongly inhibited by Phi. The negative effects of Phi were not obvious in plants supplemented with Pi. The expression of Pi starvation-induced genes such as LePT1, LePT2, AtPT1, and AtPT2 (high-affinity Pi transporters); LePS2 (a novel acid phosphatase); LePS3 and TPSI1 (novel genes); and PAP1 (purple acid phosphatase) was suppressed by Phi in plants and cell cultures. Expression of luciferase reporter gene driven by the Pi starvation-induced AtPT2 promoter was also suppressed by Phi. These analyses showed that suppression of Pi starvation-induced genes is an early response to addition of Phi. These data also provide evidence that Phi interferes with gene expression at the level of transcription. Synchronized suppression of multiple Pi starvation-induced genes by Phi points to its action on the early molecular events, probably signal transduction, in Pi starvation response.
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            Sensitivity to Protectant Fungicides and Pathogenic Fitness of Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans in the United States.

            ABSTRACT Since 1991, dramatic changes have occurred in the genetic composition of populations of Phytophthora infestans in the United States. Clonal lineages recently introduced into the United States (US-7 and US-8) are more common now than the previously dominant lineage (US-1). To help determine why these changes occurred, four clonal lineages of P. in-festans common during the early 1990s in the United States and Canada were evaluated for sensitivity to the protectant fungicides mancozeb and chlorothalonil using amended agar assays for isolates collected from 1990 to 1994. No isolate or lineage was resistant to either mancozeb or chlorothalonil. There were significant differences among isolates for degree of sensitivity to one fungicide individually, but there were no significant (P = 0.05) differences among the US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 clonal lineages for degree of sensitivity to both fungicides. Therefore, resistance to protectant fungicides cannot explain the rapid increase in frequency of the US-7 and US-8 clonal lineages. Three components of pathogenic fitness (latent period, lesion area, and sporulation after 96 h) were tested for the three clonal lineages that were detected most commonly during 1994 (US-1, US-7, and US-8). All but one of the isolates in this analysis were collected during 1994 and evaluated within 10 months of collection by inoculating detached leaflets of the susceptible potato cultivar Norchip. There were significant differences between the US-1 and US-8 clonal lineages for lesion area and sporulation, and between US-1 and US-7 for latent period. The US-6 clonal lineage was excluded from the pathogenic fitness experiments, because no isolates of this lineage were collected during 1994. Compared with US-7 and US-8, US-1 had the longest latent period and the smallest lesions with the least sporulation. Incorporation of the differences between US-1 and US-8 in computer simulation experiments revealed that significantly more protectant fungicide (e.g., 25%) would be required to suppress epidemics caused by the US-8 clonal lineage compared with US-1. These differences in pathogenic fitness components probably contribute to the general predominance of the "new" clonal lineages (especially US-8) relative to the "old" US-1 lineage.
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              Potassium phosphite primes defense responses in potato against Phytophthora infestans.

              Although phosphite is widely used to protect plants from pathogenic oomycetes on a wide range of horticultural crops, the molecular mechanisms behind phosphite induced resistance are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of potassium phosphite (KPhi) on potato plant defense responses to infection with Phytophtora infestans (Pi). Pathogen development was severely restricted and there was also an important decrease in lesion size in infected KPhi-treated leaves. We demonstrated that KPhi primed hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion production in potato leaves at 12 h post-inoculation with Pi. Moreover, the KPhi-treated leaves showed an increased and earlier callose deposition as compared with water-treated plants, beginning 48 h after inoculation. In contrast, callose deposition was not detected in water-treated leaves until 72 h after inoculation. In addition, we carried out RNA gel blot analysis of genes implicated in the responses mediated by salicylic (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). To this end, we examined the temporal expression pattern of StNPR1 and StWRKY1, two transcription factors related to SA pathway, and StPR1 and StIPII, marker genes related to SA and JA pathways, respectively. The expression of StNPR1 and StWRKY1 was enhanced in response to KPhi treatment. In contrast, StIPII was down regulated in both KPhi- and water-treated leaves, until 48 h after infection with Pi, suggesting that the regulation of this gene could be independent of the KPhi treatment. Our results indicate that KPhi primes the plant for an earlier and more intense response to infection and that SA would mediate this response. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                idesia
                Idesia (Arica)
                Idesia
                Universidad de Tarapacá. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas (Arica, , Chile )
                0718-3429
                2024
                : 42
                : 1
                : 63-70
                Affiliations
                [1] Panamericana Sur km 1 ½ Riobamba orgnameEscuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) Ecuador
                [2] Amsterdam orgnameUniversity of Amsterdam orgdiv1Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics Netherlands
                [3] orgname Brasil
                [4] Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Tropical Brazil
                Article
                S0718-34292024000100063 S0718-3429(24)04200100063
                10.4067/s0718-34292024000100063
                e46c43b5-f4fa-4534-89d4-777630950f72

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 January 2023
                : 08 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Fluazinam,Solanaceous,Dimethomorph,Control,Oomycetes,Benalaxyl-M,Propamocarb

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