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      Metabolic and immunological changes in transition dairy cows: A review

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          Abstract

          Smooth transition from pregnancy to lactation is important for high productive and reproductive performance during later postpartum period in dairy animals. On the other hand, the poor transition often leads to huge economic loss to dairy farmers due to compromised production and reproduction. Therefore, understanding the causes and consequence of metabolic changes during the transition period is very important for postpartum health management. In this review, metabolic changes with reference to negative energy balance in transition cow and its effect on health and reproduction during the later postpartum period in dairy animals are discussed besides the role of metabolic inflammation in postpartum performance in dairy animals.

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          Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders.

          J Goff, R L Horst (1997)
          Most of the metabolic diseases of dairy cows-milk fever, ketosis, retained placenta, and displacement of the abomasum-occur within the first 2 wk of lactation. The etiology of many of those metabolic diseases that are not clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation, such as laminitis, can be traced back to insults that occurred during early lactation. In addition to metabolic disease, the overwhelming majority of infectious disease, in particular mastitis, becomes clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation. Three basic physiological functions must be maintained during the periparturient period if disease is to be avoided: adaptation of the rumen to lactation diets that are high in energy density, maintenance of normocalcemia, and maintenance of a strong immune system. The incidence of both metabolic and infectious diseases is greatly increased whenever one or more of these physiological functions are impaired. This paper discusses the etiological role of each of these factors in the development of common diseases encountered during the periparturient period.
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            Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows.

            R Grümmer (1993)
            Plasma NEFA concentrations increase prior to and at parturition, resulting in increased fatty acid uptake by the liver, fatty acid esterification, and triglyceride storage. Liver triglyceride concentration increases four- to fivefold between d 17 prior to calving and d 1 following calving. Increases in liver triglyceride following calving do not appear to be dramatic. Severity of fatty liver 1 d postpartum is correlated negatively with feed intake 1 d prepartum. Export of newly synthesized triglyceride as very low density lipoprotein occurs slowly in ruminants and is a major factor in the development of fatty liver. Nutritional strategies to minimize the elevation in plasma NEFA prior to calving results in lower liver triglyceride at calving. Fatty liver probably precedes clinical spontaneous ketosis. Liver triglyceride to glycogen ratio may be used to predict susceptibility of cows to ketosis. Consequently, strategies to reduce liver triglyceride at calving may decrease incidence of ketosis. Research to determine methods to reduce fatty acid delivery to the liver or to enhance hepatic export of very low density lipoprotein near calving is warranted. Identification of the cause for the slow rate of assembly and secretion of hepatic very low density lipoprotein in ruminants will be required to assess the feasibility of increasing export of very low density lipoprotein.
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              Monitoring and testing dairy herds for metabolic disease.

              G Oetzel (2004)
              Clinical impressions of metabolic disease problems in dairy herds can be corroborated with herd-based metabolic testing. Ruminal pH should be evaluated in herds showing clinical signs associated with SARA (lame cows, thin cows, high herd removals or death loss across all stages of lactation, or milk fat depression). Testing a herd for the prevalence of SCK via blood BHB sampling in early lactation is useful in almost any dairy herd, and particularly if the herd is experiencing a high incidence of displaced abomasum or high removal rates of early lactation cows. If cows are experiencing SCK within the first 3 weeks of lactation, then consider NEFA testing of the prefresh cows to corroborate prefresh negative energy balance. Finally, monitoring cows on the day of calving for parturient hypocalcemia can provide early detection of diet-induced problems in calcium homeostasis. If hypocalcemia problems are present despite supplementing anionic salts before calving, then it may be helpful to evaluate mean urinary pH of a group of the prefresh cows. Quantitative testing strategies based on statistical analyses can be used to establish minimum sample sizes and interpretation guidelines for all of these tests.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet World
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet World
                Title: Veterinary World
                Publisher: Veterinary World (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0972-8988
                ISSN (Electronic): 2231-0916
                Publication date (Print): November 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 November 2017
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 1367-1377
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
                [2 ]Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
                [3 ]Division of Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
                [4 ]Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
                [5 ]Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
                Author notes
                Article
                DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1367-1377
                PMC ID: 5732345
                PubMed ID: 29263601
                SO-VID: e4611f53-065c-4003-b33c-62c50812a15f
                Copyright © Copyright: © Wankhade, et al.
                License:

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 14 July 2017
                Date accepted : 23 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: acute phase proteins,dairy cows,inflammatory cytokines,negative energy balance,transition period
                Data availability:
                Keywords: acute phase proteins, dairy cows, inflammatory cytokines, negative energy balance, transition period

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