Review on Nano-Fluids Applications and Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques in Different Enclosures

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Abstract

Nano-fluid applications span such a broad range of topics in the practical field that they demand their own review articles. In this review paper, the use of magnetic fields, porous media, and Nano-fluids in different heat transfer applications is discussed mainly in the solar thermal field. It has been proven that the employment of these techniques provides significant enhancement results for convective flows especially when they are combined, also the mathematical equations used to model this type of flow are summarized. In addition, different studies reported that the geometrical parameters of the enclosures can also effect the flow. In this context, recently scholars maintained many investigations on complex shaped cavities and their impact on heat transfer. These studies showed promising results for the use of this type of geometries especially for the trapezoidal ones. As reviewed in this paper, trapezoidal geometries and their properties strongly effect the convective flow in a great way leading to considerable enhancement. Overall, this review aims to present an insightful vision on different heat transfer improvement techniques and values the use of these methods in trapezoidal geometries for solar heat transfer applications.

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Plasma Hsp90 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis and relation to lung and skin involvement: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

Hana Storkanova, Sabina Oreska, Maja Spiritovic … (2021)

Our previous study demonstrated increased expression of Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We aimed to evaluate plasma Hsp90 in SSc and characterize its association with SSc-related features. Ninety-two SSc patients and 92 age-/sex-matched healthy controls were recruited for the cross-sectional analysis. The longitudinal analysis comprised 30 patients with SSc associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) routinely treated with cyclophosphamide. Hsp90 was increased in SSc compared to healthy controls. Hsp90 correlated positively with C-reactive protein and negatively with pulmonary function tests: forced vital capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). In patients with diffuse cutaneous (dc) SSc, Hsp90 positively correlated with the modified Rodnan skin score. In SSc-ILD patients treated with cyclophosphamide, no differences in Hsp90 were found between baseline and after 1, 6, or 12 months of therapy. However, baseline Hsp90 predicts the 12-month change in DLCO. This study shows that Hsp90 plasma levels are increased in SSc patients compared to age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Elevated Hsp90 in SSc is associated with increased inflammatory activity, worse lung functions, and in dcSSc, with the extent of skin involvement. Baseline plasma Hsp90 predicts the 12-month change in DLCO in SSc-ILD patients treated with cyclophosphamide.