Relevância do padrão de remodelamento ventricular no modelo de infarto do miocárdio em ratos

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Abstract

FUNDAMENTO: A relevância do padrão de remodelamento no modelo de ratos infartados não é conhecida. OBJETIVO: Analisar a presença de diferentes padrões de remodelamento nesse modelo e suas implicações funcionais. MÉTODOS: Ratos infartados (n=46) foram divididos de acordo com o padrão de geometria, analisado pelo ecocardiograma: normal (índice de massa normal e espessura relativa normal), remodelamento concêntrico (índice de massa normal e espessura relativa aumentada), hipertrofia concêntrica (índice de massa aumentado e espessura relativa aumentada) e hipertrofia excêntrica (índice de massa aumentado e espessura relativa normal). Os dados estão em mediana e intervalo interquartil. RESULTADOS: Ratos infartados apresentaram apenas dois dos quatro padrões de geometria: padrão normal (15%) e hipertrofia excêntrica - HE (85%). Os grupos de padrão normal e HE não apresentaram diferenças nos valores de fração de variação de área (Normal = 32,1 - 28,8 a 50,7; HE = 31,3 - 26,5 a 36,7; p=0,343). Dos animais infartados, 34 (74%) apresentaram disfunção sistólica, detectada pela fração de variação de área. Considerando os dois padrões de geometria, 77% dos animais com hipertrofia excêntrica e 57% com geometria normal apresentaram disfunção sistólica (p=0,355). A espessura relativa da parede, os padrões de geometria e o índice de massa não foram fator de predição de disfunção ventricular (p>0,05). Por outro lado, o tamanho do infarto foi fator de predição de disfunção ventricular na análise univariada (p<0,001) e na análise multivariada (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: Ratos submetidos à oclusão coronariana apresentam dois diferentes padrões de remodelamento, os quais não se constituem em fator de predição de disfunção ventricular.

Translated abstract

BACKGROND: The relevance of the remodeling pattern in the model of infarcted rats is not known. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the presence of different patterns of remodeling in this model and its functional implications. METHODS: Infarcted rats (n=47) have been divided according to the geometry pattern, analyzed by echocardiogram: normal (normal mass index and normal relative thickness), concentric remodeling (normal mass index and increased relative thickness), concentric hypertrophy (increased mass index and increased relative thickness) and eccentric hypertrophy (increased mass index and normal relative thickness). Data are median and interquartile range. RESULTS: Infarcted rats showed only two of the four geometric patterns: normal pattern (15%) and eccentric hypertrophy - EH (85%). Groups of normal pattern and EH showed no differences in the values of fractional area change (Normal = 32.1 - 28.8 to 50.7; EH = 31.3 - 26.5 to 36.7; p = 0.343). Out of the infarcted animals, 34 (74%) had systolic dysfunction, detected by fractional area change. Considering these two geometry patterns, 77% of animals with eccentric hypertrophy and 57% with normal geometry presented systolic dysfunction (p=0.355). The relative wall thickness, the geometric patterns and the body mass index were not predictors of ventricular dysfunction (p> 0.05). On the other hand, infarct size was a predictive factor for ventricular dysfunction in univariate analysis (p<0.001) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Rats that underwent coronary occlusion showed two different patterns of remodeling, which do not constitute a predictor of ventricular dysfunction.

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Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling.

B Swynghedauw (1998)

"Remodeling" implies changes that result in rearrangement of normally existing structures. This review focuses only on permanent modifications in relation to clinical dysfunction in cardiac remodeling (CR) secondary to myocardial infarction (MI) and/or arterial hypertension and includes a special section on the senescent heart, since CR is mainly a disease of the elderly. From a biological point of view, CR is determined by 1 ) the general process of adaptation which allows both the myocyte and the collagen network to adapt to new working conditions; 2) ventricular fibrosis, i.e., increased collagen concentration, which is multifactorial and caused by senescence, ischemia, various hormones, and/or inflammatory processes; 3) cell death, a parameter linked to fibrosis, which is usually due to necrosis and apoptosis and occurs in nearly all models of CR. The process of adaptation is associated with various changes in genetic expression, including a general activation that causes hypertrophy, isogenic shifts which result in the appearance of a slow isomyosin, and a new Na+-K+-ATPase with a low affinity for sodium, reactivation of genes encoding for atrial natriuretic factor and the renin-angiotensin system, and a diminished concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, beta-adrenergic receptors, and the potassium channel responsible for transient outward current. From a clinical point of view, fibrosis is for the moment a major marker for cardiac failure and a crucial determinant of myocardial heterogeneity, increasing diastolic stiffness, and the propensity for reentry arrhythmias. In addition, systolic dysfunction is facilitated by slowing of the calcium transient and the downregulation of the entire adrenergic system. Modifications of intracellular calcium movements are the main determinants of the triggered activity and automaticity that cause arrhythmias and alterations in relaxation.

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Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure.

Gary Francis (2001)

Heart failure is a changing paradigm. The hemodynamic model, which served our needs well from the 1950s through the early 1980s, has now been largely abandoned, except for the management of decompensated patients in the hospital. The pathophysiology is exceedingly complex and involves structural changes, such as loss of myofilaments, apoptosis and disorganization of the cytoskeleton, as well as disturbances in Ca(2+) homeostasis, alteration in receptor density, signal transduction, and collagen synthesis. A more contemporary working hypothesis is that heart failure is a progressive disorder of left ventricular remodeling, usually resulting from an index event, that culminates in a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function and circulatory congestion. This change in the framework of our understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure is predicated on the results of numerous clinical trials conducted during the past 20 years. New therapies are now evolving that are designed to inhibit neuroendocrine and cytokine activation, whereas drugs specifically designed to heighten cardiac contractility and "unload" the left ventricle have proven to be unhelpful in long-term management of patients with chronic heart failure. However, the hemodynamic model is still relevant for patients in the hospital with decompensated heart failure, where positive inotropic drugs and vasodilators are still widely used. The modern treatment of chronic heart failure is now largely based on the neurohormonal hypothesis, which states that neuroendocrine activation is important in the progression of heart failure and that inhibition of neurohormones is likely to have long-term benefit with regard to morbidity and mortality. Thus, the evolution of treatment for chronic heart failure as a result of clinical trials has provided much enlightenment for our understanding of the fundamental biology of the disorder, a reversal of the usual flow of information from basic science to clinical investigation.