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      Perceived Age Discrimination Across Age in Europe: From an Ageing Society to a Society for All Ages

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          Abstract

          Ageism is recognized as a significant obstacle to older people’s well-being, but age discrimination against younger people has attracted less attention. We investigate levels of perceived age discrimination across early to late adulthood, using data from the European Social Survey (ESS), collected in 29 countries ( N = 56,272). We test for approximate measurement invariance across countries. We use local structural equation modeling as well as moderated nonlinear factor analysis to test for measurement invariance across age as a continuous variable. Using models that account for the moderate degree of noninvariance, we find that younger people report experiencing the highest levels of age discrimination. We also find that national context substantially affects levels of ageism experienced among older respondents. The evidence highlights that more research is needed to address ageism in youth and across the life span, not just old adulthood. It also highlights the need to consider factors that differently contribute to forms of ageism experienced by people at different life stages and ages.

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          Applied Missing Data Analysis

          Walking readers step by step through complex concepts, this book translates missing data techniques into something that applied researchers and graduate students can understand and utilize in their own research. Enders explains the rationale and procedural details for maximum likelihood estimation, Bayesian estimation, multiple imputation, and models for handling missing not at random (MNAR) data. Easy-to-follow examples and small simulated data sets illustrate the techniques and clarify the underlying principles. The companion website (www.appliedmissingdata.com) includes data files and syntax for the examples in the book as well as up-to-date information on software. The book is accessible to substantive researchers while providing a level of detail that will satisfy quantitative specialists.
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            A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.

            Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.
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              Attitudes vs. Actions

              R. LaPiere (1934)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                Dev Psychol
                Dev Psychol
                Developmental Psychology
                American Psychological Association
                0012-1649
                1939-0599
                23 October 2017
                January 2018
                : 54
                : 1
                : 167-180
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent
                [2 ]Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
                Author notes
                We are thankful to the editor, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, for very helpful comments. This research was supported by grants from the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I036613/1), the Department for Work and Pensions, UK, and the European Commission MOPACT (EC-FP7 320333).
                [*] [* ]Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christopher Bratt, Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK c.bratt@ 123456kent.ac.uk christopher.bratt@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                dev_54_1_167 2017-47508-001
                10.1037/dev0000398
                5819819
                29058935
                e3d5b8dd-8067-4211-adf1-f3dbb3bb223e
                © 2017 American Psychological Association
                History
                : 26 July 2016
                : 1 June 2017
                : 16 June 2017
                Categories
                Adulthood and Aging

                perceived discrimination,ageism,measurement invariance,european social survey

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