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      Commercialization and Implementation of Biocontrol

      Author(s): 1
      Publication date Created:
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      Journal: Annual Review of Phytopathology
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          Although the number of biocontrol products is increasing, these products still represent only about 1% of agricultural chemical sales. Yet these are important contributions because biocontrol agents offer disease management alternatives with different mechanisms of action than chemical pesticides. Trends in research include the increased use of biorational screening processes to identify microorganisms with potential for biocontrol, increased testing under semicommercial and commercial production conditions, increased emphasis on combining biocontrol strains with each other and with other control methods, integrating biocontrol into an overall system.

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          Microbial diversity in soil: selection microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness.

          P. Garbeva, J van Veen, J. van Elsas (2004)
          An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the importance of microbial diversity in soil habitats. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, as a wide range of microorganisms is involved in important soil functions. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. The two main drivers of soil microbial community structure, i.e., plant type and soil type, are thought to exert their function in a complex manner. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil and in others the plant type is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms and soil and microorganisms and plants. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by plant and soil versus the ecological behavior of microorganisms, is proposed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 377 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits.

            Wojciech J Janisiewicz, Lise Korsten (2001)
            Losses from postharvest fruit diseases range from 1 to 20 percent in the United States, depending on the commodity. The application of fungicides to fruits after harvest to reduce decay has been increasingly curtailed by the development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides, the lack of replacement fungicides, negative public perception regarding the safety of pesticides and consequent restrictions on fungicide use. Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative. Because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application using existing delivery systems (drenches, line sprayers, on-line dips) can significantly reduce fruit decays. The pioneering biocontrol products BioSave and Aspire were registered by EPA in 1995 for control of postharvest rots of pome and citrus fruit, respectively, and are commercially available. The limitations of these biocontrol products can be addressed by enhancing biocontrol through manipulation of the environment, using mixtures of beneficial organisms, physiological and genetic enhancement of the biocontrol mechanisms, manipulation of formulations, and integration of biocontrol with other alternative methods that alone do not provide adequate protection but in combination with biocontrol provide additive or synergistic effects.
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              Microbial dynamics and interactions in the spermosphere.

              Deborah Nelson (2003)
              The spermosphere represents a short-lived, rapidly changing, and microbiologically dynamic zone of soil surrounding a germinating seed. It is analogous to the rhizosphere, being established largely by the carbon compounds released into the soil once the seed begins to hydrate. These seed exudations drive the microbial activities that take place in the spermosphere, many of which can have long-lasting impacts on plant growth and development as well as on plant health. In this review, I discuss the nature of the spermosphere habitat and the factors that give rise to its character, with emphasis on the types of microbial activities in the spermosphere that have important implications for disease development and biological disease control. This review, which represents the first comprehensive synthesis of the literature on spermosphere biology, is meant to illustrate the unique nature of the spermosphere and how studies of interactions in this habitat may serve as useful experimental models for testing hypotheses about plant-microbe associations and microbial ecology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Phytopathology
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0066-4286
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-2107
                Publication date Created: September 2005
                Publication date (Print): September 2005
                Volume: 43
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 337-359
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Vegetable Laboratory, USDA-ARS, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705; email:
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.032904.092924
                PubMed ID: 16078888
                SO-VID: e3cb78fa-8def-498b-95d3-958328b90762
                Copyright © © 2005
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