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      Carreras legislativas discretas en contextos de débil institucionalización partidista: Propuesta teórica y evidencia empírica aplicada a la legislatura de Ecuador, 1979-2007 Translated title: Discrete Legislative Careers under Weak Party Institutionalization: A Theoretical Proposal and Empirical Evidence Applied to the Ecuadorian Legislature, 1979-2007

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Este artículo analiza las carreras políticas de aquellos actores que, tras cumplir un solo período en la legislatura, no vuelven a ocupar otros espacios de elección popular o de influencia pública. Para el efecto, se recurre a un modelo de investigación mixto en el que se vincula una base de datos inédita sobre la trayectoria de los legisladores del Ecuador entre 1979 y 2007 con entrevistas, revisión de medios de comunicación escrita y fuentes secundarias. De forma contra intuitiva, los hallazgos empíricos señalan que casi la mitad de los diputados ecuatorianos reproducen este tipo de comportamiento político, al que Schlesinger (1966) denominó carreras legislativas discretas. Adicionalmente, el artículo argumenta que la débil institucionalización de los partidos, entendida como la monopolización de los mecanismos de selección de candidatos alrededor de las cúpulas, explica la presencia de este comportamiento político. Bajo este argumento, y contrariamente a lo que plantean las teorías de la conexión electoral y de la ambición política, las carreras legislativas discretas constituirían un patrón de conducta sistemático en algunas legislaturas de América Latina.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT This article analyzes the professional careers of legislators who conclude their terms and retire from electoral politics. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, drawing on data from interviews, media reports, secondary source material, and an original database of Ecuadorian legislators’ political careers between 1979 and 2007. Counterintuitively, the findings suggest that nearly half of Ecuadorian deputies have what Schlesinger (1966) termed discreet legislative careers. In addition, the article argues that weak political party institutionalization, understood as the monopolization of candidate selection mechanisms by party leaders, explains this type of political behavior. Following this theoretical argument, which contradicts the theories of electoral connection and political ambition, discreet political careers appear to constitute a pattern of systematic political behavior in some Latin American legislatures.

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          Most cited references39

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          A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives

          Office-holders periodically face the problem of choosing among a set of career alternatives, and these alternatives customarily include the choice of dropping out of political life, or seeking reelection, or of choosing to seek higher office. This paper assumes that officeholders behave according to a rational calculus in making such choices, and that the main elements involved in the choice process include the probabilities and values attached by the candidate to his alternatives, and the investments required to obtain these alternatives. Political ambition, or the desire to seek higher office, is shown to develop as a product of the investments that politicians make in their political careers, and the investments are shown to be associated with the structural characteristics of community size and electoral competitiveness. The subjects of the research are 435 city councilmen from 89 cities of the San Francisco Bay Region, and the data include information derived from interviews with the councilmen and aggregate election data collected on each city.
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            Legislative Professionalism and Incumbent Reelection: The Development of Institutional Boundaries

            It is well established that legislators from highly professionalized bodies are more likely to win reelection than members of less professionalized legislatures. We find that the effect of professionalization on incumbent electoral success is far more pervasive. As the level of professionalism of a legislature increases, the effects of external political and economic forces (such as coattails from higher level elections and national economic conditions) on a legislator's chances for reelection diminish in strength. This implies that legislative professionalization promotes institutionalization by establishing boundaries that insulate members from external shocks. We reach these conclusions by specifying and testing a district-level model of state legislative election outcomes, using as dependent variable the probability that an incumbent will win reelection. The model is estimated with probit using data for more than 42,000 state legislators from 1970 to 1989.
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              Avarice and Ambition in Congress: Representatives' Decisions to Run or Retire from the U.S. House

              Over two centuries ago, Adam Smith wrote of two passions that motivate those seeking public distinction: avarice and ambition. By investing these categories with appropriately concrete meaning, we develop a model of House members' career decisions. Like other individuals contemplating retirement options, politicians act with an eye to their financial interests, but not all financial interests are alike. The financial factor that matters most involves perennial considerations of post-retirement pension benefits, not fleeting opportunities to exploit ethically questionable sources of outside income. Second, we embed in the model a theory of intra-institutional ambition. Members impute value both to leadership positions they expect to retain and positions they expect to obtain. Majority members well-positioned to exert future legislative leverage are less likely to retire. Finally, several sources of electoral insecurity increase retirement probability. In the main, members may be reelection-seekers but will not pay any price to seek something they may not find.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                revcipol
                Revista de ciencia política (Santiago)
                Rev. cienc. polít. (Santiago)
                Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Ciencia Política (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-090X
                April 2018
                : 38
                : 1
                : 1-23
                Affiliations
                [1] Quito orgnameFacultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Ecuador
                Article
                S0718-090X2018000100001
                10.4067/s0718-090x2018000100001
                e3696d46-cc81-453f-b745-05cfa33cabcc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 60, Pages: 23
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                political behavior,Latin America,weak institutionalization,political parties,débil institucionalización partidista,Ecuador,Legislative careers,América Latina,comportamiento político,carreras legislativas

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