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      Magnetic nanoparticle-based combination therapy: Synthesis and in vitro proof of concept of CrFe 2O 4- rosmarinic acid nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy

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          Abstract

          Magnetic drug delivery systems using nanoparticles present a promising opportunity for clinical treatment. This study explored the potential anti-inflammatory properties of RosA- CrFe 2O 4 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were developed through rosmarinic acid (RosA) co-precipitation via a photo-mediated extraction technique. XRD, FTIR, and TEM techniques were employed to characterize the nanoparticles, and the results indicated that they had a cubic spinel ferrite (FCC) structure with an average particle size of 25nm. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of RosA- CrFe 2O 4 nanoparticles were evaluated by using LPS-induced raw 264.7 macrophages and a hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, respectively. The results showed that RosA- CrFe 2O 4 nanoparticles had moderate DPPH scavenging effects with an IC50 value of 59.61±4.52μg/ml. Notably, these nanoparticles effectively suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS) in LPS-stimulated cells. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of RosA- CrFe 2O 4 nanoparticles was confirmed by reducing the release of secretory pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. This investigation highlights the promising potential of Phyto-mediated CrFe 2O 4-RosA as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent in biomedical applications.

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          Most cited references32

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          IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease.

          Interleukin 6 (IL-6), promptly and transiently produced in response to infections and tissue injuries, contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase responses, hematopoiesis, and immune reactions. Although its expression is strictly controlled by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, dysregulated continual synthesis of IL-6 plays a pathological effect on chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. For this reason, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody was developed. Various clinical trials have since shown the exceptional efficacy of tocilizumab, which resulted in its approval for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Moreover, tocilizumab is expected to be effective for other intractable immune-mediated diseases. In this context, the mechanism for the continual synthesis of IL-6 needs to be elucidated to facilitate the development of more specific therapeutic approaches and analysis of the pathogenesis of specific diseases.
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            Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications.

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              Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease

              This review aims to briefly discuss a short list of a broad variety of inflammatory cytokines. Numerous studies have implicated that inflammatory cytokines exert important effects with regard to various inflammatory diseases, yet the reports on their specific roles are not always consistent. They can be used as biomarkers to indicate or monitor disease or its progress, and also may serve as clinically applicable parameters for therapies. Yet, their precise role is not always clearly defined. Thus, in this review, we focus on the existing literature dealing with the biology of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-8. We will briefly focus on the correlations and role of these inflammatory mediators in the genesis of inflammatory impacts (e.g., shock, trauma, immune dysregulation, osteoporosis, and/or critical illness).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysis
                Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 August 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 8
                : e0297716
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
                [2 ] Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
                [3 ] Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
                [4 ] Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
                [5 ] Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
                Helwan University, EGYPT
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8406-4033
                Article
                PONE-D-24-01201
                10.1371/journal.pone.0297716
                11302894
                39106290
                e3378dd5-7098-478e-85c2-0753f0b7329b
                © 2024 Al-Hunaiti et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 January 2024
                : 3 May 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 14
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
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                Engineering and Technology
                Nanotechnology
                Nanoparticles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Immune Physiology
                Cytokines
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                Immunology
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                Innate Immune System
                Cytokines
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
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