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      Edible Bird's Nest Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats

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          Abstract

          Edible bird's nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats. HFD was given to rats with or without simvastatin or EBN for 12 weeks. During the intervention period, weight measurements were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected at the end of the intervention and oral glucose tolerance test conducted, after which the rats were sacrificed and their liver and adipose tissues collected for further studies. Serum adiponectin, leptin, F2-isoprostane, insulin, and lipid profile were estimated, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance computed. Effects of the different interventions on transcriptional regulation of insulin signaling genes were also evaluated. The results showed that HFD worsened metabolic indices and induced insulin resistance partly through transcriptional regulation of the insulin signaling genes. Additionally, simvastatin was able to prevent hypercholesterolemia but promoted insulin resistance similar to HFD. EBN, on the other hand, prevented the worsening of metabolic indices and transcriptional changes in insulin signaling genes due to HFD. The results suggest that EBN may be used as functional food to prevent insulin resistance.

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          IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance.

          Melek Arkan, Andrea Hevener, Florian Greten … (2005)
          Inflammation may underlie the metabolic disorders of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. IkappaB kinase beta (IKK-beta, encoded by Ikbkb) is a central coordinator of inflammatory responses through activation of NF-kappaB. To understand the role of IKK-beta in insulin resistance, we used mice lacking this enzyme in hepatocytes (Ikbkb(Deltahep)) or myeloid cells (Ikbkb(Deltamye)). Ikbkb(Deltahep) mice retain liver insulin responsiveness, but develop insulin resistance in muscle and fat in response to high fat diet, obesity or aging. In contrast, Ikbkb(Deltamye) mice retain global insulin sensitivity and are protected from insulin resistance. Thus, IKK-beta acts locally in liver and systemically in myeloid cells, where NF-kappaB activation induces inflammatory mediators that cause insulin resistance. These findings demonstrate the importance of liver cell IKK-beta in hepatic insulin resistance and the central role of myeloid cells in development of systemic insulin resistance. We suggest that inhibition of IKK-beta, especially in myeloid cells, may be used to treat insulin resistance.
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            A review on the role of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications.

            Roja RAHIMI, Shekoufeh Nikfar, Bagher Larijani … (2005)
            Diabetes is a prevalent systemic disease affecting a significant proportion of the population worldwide. The effects of diabetes are devastating and well documented. There is increasing evidence that in certain pathologic states, especially chronic diseases, the increased production and/or ineffective scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a critical role. High reactivity of ROS determines chemical changes in virtually all cellular components, leading to lipid peroxidation. Production of ROS and disturbed capacity of antioxidant defense in diabetic subjects have been reported. It has been suggested that enhanced production of free radicals and oxidative stress is central event to the development of diabetic complications. This suggestion has been supported by demonstration of increased levels of indicators of oxidative stress in diabetic individuals suffering from complications. Therefore, it seems reasonable that antioxidants can play an important role in the improvement of diabetes. There are many reports on effects of antioxidants in the management of diabetes. In this paper, after complete bibliography and criticizing all relevant articles, the relationships between diabetes and oxidative stress and use of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications have been well reviewed. This review well indicates that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Use of antioxidants reduces oxidative stress and alleviates diabetic complications.
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              Insulin release and peripheral sensitivity at the oral glucose tolerance test.

              J Cederholm, L Wibell (1990)
              With the use of a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, both insulin release (IRG) and the degree of peripheral sensitivity (SI) were evaluated simultaneously in groups with normal (NGT) and impaired (IGT) glucose tolerance as well as NIDDM. IRG was expressed as the ratio of the area under the insulin curve to that of the glucose curve above fasting levels. The peripheral glucose uptake rate (M) during the OGTT was measured as the difference between the glucose load and the increase in the amount of glucose in the glucose space during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). SI was expressed as the ratio of the metabolic clearance rate (M/mean blood glucose) to log mean serum insulin. In the non-obese groups, both mean IRG and mean SI values were decreased with an increasing degree of hyperglycemia from NGT to NIDDM. Decreased mean SI values were also found in obese subjects. IGT-subjects given 3 months of diet and exercise achieved improved SI values. A non-obese NIDDM-group had higher mean IRG and mean SI values after 6 months of treatment with glipizide. The results were comparable to data obtained with more complicated techniques, such as the insulin clamp and suppression tests, and should be easy to apply on a large scale in epidemiological studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Diabetes Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Diabetes Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JDR
                Title: Journal of Diabetes Research
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6745
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6753
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 July 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 760535
                Affiliations
                1Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                2Cardiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, China
                3Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Joseph Fomusi Ndisang

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/760535
                PMC ID: 4530265
                PubMed ID: 26273674
                SO-VID: e29ae6e6-d325-48f0-9ea9-cc67a334b0f4
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Zhang Yida et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 7 January 2015
                Date revision received : 10 March 2015
                Date accepted : 17 March 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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