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      Efecto del incremento de la PEEP en la actividad muscular respiratoria evaluado con electromiografía de superficie en individuos sanos bajo ventilación espontánea Translated title: Effect of PEEP increase on respiratory muscle activity assessed through surface electromyography in healthy subjects during spontaneous breathing Translated title: Efeito do incremento da PEEP na atividade muscular respiratória avaliado com eletromiografia de superfície em indivíduos saudáveis sob ventilação espontânea

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: en un paciente bajo ventilación mecánica con resistencia aumentada de la vía aérea, la duración de la fase espiratoria es insuficiente para exhalar todo el volumen inspirado. Para mantener la oxigenación y reducir el trabajo de los músculos respiratorios, es común aplicar una presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP), que reduce la colapsabilidad del tejido, compensando el aumento de la resistencia. Diversos estudios han demostrado la utilidad de la electromiografía de superficie (EMGS) para cuantificar el trabajo respiratorio. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la PEEP en la actividad muscular respiratoria mediante EMGS en individuos sanos bajo ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Metodología: estudio de la actividad muscular en 10 hombres voluntarios sanos ventilados de manera no invasiva con variaciones de la PEEP desde 0 hasta 5 cm H2O en pasos de 1 cm H2O, cada 30 segundos. Resultados: los biopotenciales del diafragma y el esternocleidomastoideo permitieron detectar diferentes respuestas ante el estímulo incremental: 1) aumento del trabajo de los dos músculos durante la inspiración y la espiración; 2) aumento de la actividad en solo uno de los músculos; 3) aumento del trabajo muscular exclusivamente durante la espiración. Conclusión: en individuos ventilados de forma no invasiva, la EMGS relaciona cuantitativamente el nivel de PEEP con el cambio en la actividad del diafragma y el esternocleidomastoideo.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Introduction: In a mechanically ventilated patient with increased airway resistance, the expiratory time span is insufficient to exhale all the inspired volume. In order to maintain oxygenation and to reduce the workload of respiratory muscles, it is common to apply an extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) that reduces tissue collapsibility, counterbalancing the increased resistance. Several studies have shown the usefulness of surface electromyography (sEMG) to quantify the work of breathing (WOB), particularly in patients with obstructive diseases. Objective: To assess the effect of incremental PEEP in the respiratory muscle activity through sEMG in healthy volunteers noninvasively ventilated. Methods: Study of muscle activity in 10 healthy male volunteers, noninvasively ventilated for 20 minutes. The extrinsic PEEP was applied from 0 to 5 cm H2O in steps of 1 cm H2O at 30 seconds intervals. Results: The bio-potentials of diaphragm and sternocleidomastoid muscles revealed different breathing patterns in response to incremental PEEP: 1) increase in the workload of both muscles during inspiration and expiration; 2) increase in the workload of only one muscle; 3) a remarkable increase in muscle activity only in expiration. Conclusion: In noninvasively ventilated volunteers, sEMG quantitatively relates the PEEP level with changes in sternocleidomastoid and diaphragm activity.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Introdução: Num paciente sob ventilação mecânica com resistência aumentada da via aérea, a duração da fase respiratória é insuficiente para exalar todo o volume inspirado. Para manter a oxigenação e reduzir o trabalho dos músculos respiratórios, é comum aplicar uma pressão positiva no final da respiração (PEEP), que reduz a colapsabilidade do tecido, compensando o aumento da resistência. Diversos estudos demostraram a utilidade da eletromiografia de superfície (EMGS) para quantificar o trabalho respiratório. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da PEEP na atividade muscular respiratória mediante EMGS em indivíduos saudáveis sob ventilação mecânica não invasiva. Metodologia: estudo da atividade muscular em 10 homens voluntários saudáveis ventilados de maneira não invasiva com variações da PEEP desde 0 até 5 cm H2O em passos de 1 cm H2O, cada 30 segundos. Resultados: os biopotenciais do diafragma e o esternocleidomastoideo permitiram detectar diferentes respostas ante o estímulo incremental: 1) aumento do trabalho dos dois músculos durante a inspiração e a espiração; 2) aumento da atividade em só um dos músculos; 3) aumento do trabalho muscular exclusivamente durante a espiração. Conclusão: em indivíduos ventilados de forma não invasiva, a EMGS relaciona quantitativamente o nível de PEEP com o câmbio na atividade do diafragma e o esternocleidomastoideo.

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          Filtering the surface EMG signal: Movement artifact and baseline noise contamination.

          The surface electromyographic (sEMG) signal that originates in the muscle is inevitably contaminated by various noise signals or artifacts that originate at the skin-electrode interface, in the electronics that amplifies the signals, and in external sources. Modern technology is substantially immune to some of these noises, but not to the baseline noise and the movement artifact noise. These noise sources have frequency spectra that contaminate the low-frequency part of the sEMG frequency spectrum. There are many factors which must be taken into consideration when determining the appropriate filter specifications to remove these artifacts; they include the muscle tested and type of contraction, the sensor configuration, and specific noise source. The band-pass determination is always a compromise between (a) reducing noise and artifact contamination, and (b) preserving the desired information from the sEMG signal. This study was designed to investigate the effects of mechanical perturbations and noise that are typically encountered during sEMG recordings in clinical and related applications. The analysis established the relationship between the attenuation rates of the movement artifact and the sEMG signal as a function of the filter band pass. When this relationship is combined with other considerations related to the informational content of the signal, the signal distortion of filters, and the kinds of artifacts evaluated in this study, a Butterworth filter with a corner frequency of 20 Hz and a slope of 12 dB/oct is recommended for general use. The results of this study are relevant to biomechanical and clinical applications where the measurements of body dynamics and kinematics may include artifact sources. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Removing ECG noise from surface EMG signals using adaptive filtering.

            Surface electromyograms (EMGs) are valuable in the pathophysiological study and clinical treatment for dystonia. These recordings are critically often contaminated by cardiac artefact. Our objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an adaptive noise cancellation filter in removing electrocardiogram (ECG) interference from surface EMGs recorded from the trapezius muscles of patients with cervical dystonia. Performance of the proposed recursive-least-square adaptive filter was first quantified by coherence and signal-to-noise ratio measures in simulated noisy EMG signals. The influence of parameters such as the signal-to-noise ratio, forgetting factor, filter order and regularization factor were assessed. Fast convergence of the recursive-least-square algorithm enabled the filter to track complex dystonic EMGs and effectively remove ECG noise. This adaptive filter procedure proved a reliable and efficient tool to remove ECG artefact from surface EMGs with mixed and varied patterns of transient, short and long lasting dystonic contractions.
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              Respiratory muscle activity measured with a noninvasive EMG technique: technical aspects and reproducibility.

              A new method is being developed to investigate airway obstruction in young children by means of noninvasive electromyography (EMG) of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the EMG measurements. Eleven adults, 39 school children (20 healthy, 19 asthmatic), and 16 preschool children were studied during tidal breathing on separate occasions: two for adults with a time interval of 3 wk and three for children with time intervals of 1 and 24 h. Single electrodes were placed on the second intercostal space left and right of the sternum and at the height of the frontal and the dorsal diaphragm. Bipolar electrode pairs were placed on the rectus abdominis muscle. A newly designed digital physiological amplifier without any analog filtering was used to measure the EMG signals. Except for the average dorsal diaphragm EMG derivation in healthy school children on the second occasion, a significant correlation between the mean peak-to-peak inspiratory activity of average diaphragmatic and intercostal EMG was found in the different age groups on the different measurement occasions (P < 0.05). To assess the repeatability, we described the agreement between the repeated measurements within the same subjects. No significant differences were found between the measurements on the separate occasions. Our observations indicate that the EMG signals derived from the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are, in different age groups with and without asthma, reproducible during tidal breathing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                iat
                Iatreia
                Iatreia
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0121-0793
                July 2016
                : 29
                : 3
                : 280-291
                Affiliations
                [2] Antioquía orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [1] Antioquía orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia Colombia mauricio.hernandez@ 123456udea.edu.co
                Article
                S0121-07932016000300280
                10.17533/udea.iatreia.v29n3a03
                e2872ad8-1f03-407c-a09f-d25a194d63d3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 April 2015
                : 25 September 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                Mechanical Ventilation,PEEP,Eletromiografia,Processamento de Sinais Biomédicas,Registro de Sinais Médicas,Ventilação Mecânica,Electromiografía,Procesamiento de Señales Biomédicas,Registro de Señales Médicas,Ventilación Mecánica,Biomedical Signals Processing,Electromyography,Electronic Medical Records

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