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      Early and late-onset nonconvulsive status epilepticus after stroke Translated title: Estado de mal epiléptico não convulsivo de ocorrência precoce e tardia após acidente vascular cerebral

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          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a condition that needs timely diagnosis and treatment. It has insignificant clinical features and presents high risk of misdiagnosis.

          Objective:

          To investigate NCSE among patients with stroke, given that stroke plays an important role in the etiology of NCSE.

          Methods:

          In this retrospective study, acute stroke patients who were admitted and followed up at a stroke outpatient clinic between January 2013 and March 2016 were included. Patients with previous histories of epilepsy, brain tumor, head trauma, hypertensive encephalopathy, arteriovenous malformation, subarachnoid hemorrhage or cerebral venous thrombosis were excluded. Demographic properties, stroke etiology, imaging method, EEG findings, stroke severity according to the NIHSS score, functional disability and modified Rankin Scale were recorded for all patients.

          Results:

          Thirty-nine out of 792 stoke patients experienced NCSE. The mean age of the study population was 70±1.2 years (min-max: 46‒90). The study population was composed of 28 females (71.8%) and 11 males (28.2%). NCSE had early onset in 23 patients (59%) and late onset in 16 (41%). The early-onset NCSE patients were older and this was statistically significant between the groups (early onset: 73.5±11.5; late onset: 65.9±12.1; p=0.04). A history of previous stroke was more frequent in the late-onset NCSE group (14; 87,5%) than in the early-onset group (11; 47.8%) (p=0.01). The prognosis was worse in the early-onset group, but without statistical significance.

          Conclusion:

          Changes in mental status in the early stages of stroke are mostly attributed to stroke itself, but NCSE should be suspected in the right clinical setting, such as in older patients with suspicious anatomical and clinical associations.

          RESUMO

          Introdução:

          O Estado de Mal Não-Convulsivo (EMNC) é uma condição que necessita de diagnóstico e tratamento oportunos. Possui características clínicas insignificantes e apresenta alto risco de diagnóstico incorreto.

          Objetivo:

          Investigar o EMNC entre pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), visto que ele desempenha um papel importante na etiologia do EMNC.

          Métodos:

          Neste estudo retrospectivo, pacientes com AVC agudo que foram admitidos e acompanhados em um ambulatório de AVC entre janeiro de 2013 e março de 2016 foram incluídos. Pacientes com história prévia de epilepsia, tumor cerebral, traumatismo cranioencefálico, encefalopatia hipertensiva, malformação arteriovenosa, hemorragia subaracnóidea ou trombose venosa cerebral foram excluídos. Propriedades demográficas, etiologia do AVC, método de imagem, achados de EEG, gravidade do AVC pela escala NIHSS, incapacidade funcional e escala de Rankin modificada foram registrados para todos os pacientes.

          Resultados:

          Um total de 39 dos 792 pacientes com AVC experimentaram EMNC. A idade média da população do estudo foi de 70±1,2 anos (mín-máx: 46‒90). A população do estudo foi composta por 28 mulheres (71,8%) e 11 homens (28,2%). O EMNC teve início precoce em 23 pacientes (59%) e início tardio em 16 (41%). Os pacientes com EMNC de início precoce eram mais velhos, o que foi estatisticamente significativo entre os grupos (início precoce: 73,5±11,5; início tardio: 65,9±12,1; p=0,04). Um histórico de AVC prévio foi mais frequente no grupo com EMNC de início tardio (14; 87,5%) do que no grupo de início precoce (11; 47,8%) (p=0,01). O prognóstico foi pior no grupo de início precoce, mas sem significância estatística.

          Conclusão:

          As alterações no estado mental nos estágios iniciais do AVC são atribuídas principalmente ao próprio AVC, mas deve-se suspeitar de EMNC com diagnóstico clínico correto, como em pacientes mais velhos com associações anatômicas e clínicas suspeitas.

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          Most cited references33

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          Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale

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            Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale.

            We designed a 15-item neurologic examination stroke scale for use in acute stroke therapy trials. In a study of 24 stroke patients, interrater reliability for the scale was found to be high (mean kappa = 0.69), and test-retest reliability was also high (mean kappa = 0.66-0.77). Test-retest reliability did not differ significantly among a neurologist, a neurology house officer, a neurology nurse, or an emergency department nurse. The stroke scale validity was assessed by comparing the scale scores obtained prospectively on 65 acute stroke patients to the patients' infarction size as measured by computed tomography scan at 1 week and to the patients' clinical outcome as determined at 3 months. These correlations (scale-lesion size r = 0.68, scale-outcome r = 0.79) suggested acceptable examination and scale validity. Of the 15 test items, the most interrater reliable item (pupillary response) had low validity. Less reliable items such as upper or lower extremity motor function were more valid. We discuss methods for improving the reliability and validity of brief examination scales to be used in stroke therapy trials.
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              Incidence of status epilepticus in adults in Germany: a prospective, population-based study.

              To determine the incidence and case-fatality rate of status epilepticus (SE) in adults in Hessen, Germany, we performed a prospective, population-based study from July 1997 through June 1999. All adult patients residing within the zip-code area 35 (area-35) with SE were included. Area-35 had 743.285 adult inhabitants, including 123.353 adult inhabitants of the primary service area of the University Hospital Marburg (PS-area). Patients were reported by 16 hospitals in the area and were prospectively identified and carefully reviewed within 5 days by one of the authors. Based on the crude annual incidence of SE and a rate of underascertainment of 10% determined for the PS-area, the corrected, age-adjusted incidence of SE in area 35, more representative of the population of Germany, was calculated. The crude annual incidence in the PS-area was 15.8/100,000 [95% confidence interval (CI), 11.2-21.6]. The calculated, corrected, age-adjusted incidence of SE in area 35 was 17.1/100,000. It was higher for men compared with women (26.1 vs. 13.7) and for those aged 60 years and older (54.5 vs. 4.2/100,000, p < 0.0001). The etiology was mainly remote symptomatic due to cerebrovascular disease. Epilepsy was previously diagnosed in only 50% of the patients. The case-fatality rate was 9.3%. Based on our data, at least 14,000 patients would be affected by SE in Germany, associated with approximately 1,300 deaths annually. The incidence of SE in Germany is similar to that found in the white United States population. Furthermore, this study confirms the higher incidence of SE in male patients and in the elderly population. This may be due to a higher incidence of cerebrovascular disease in these subpopulations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO
                0004-282X
                1678-4227
                01 May 2021
                May 2021
                : 79
                : 5
                : 384-389
                Affiliations
                [1 ] orgnameAntalya Education and Research Hospital orgdiv1Department of Neurology Antalya Turkey originalAntalya Education and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Antalya, Turkey.
                [2 ] orgnameSiirt State Hospital Siirt Turkey originalSiirt State Hospital, Siirt, Turkey.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Eylem Özaydın Göksu; E-mail: eylemozaydin@ 123456hotmail.com

                Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

                Authors’ contributions: EÖG: idea/concept. EÖG and FG: design. EÖG and YBG: supervision/consultation. NA: data collection and/or processing. EÖG and YBG: analysis and/or comment. EÖG and YBG: resource scan. EÖG: article writing. YBG and FG: critical review.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-3094
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-3694
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-5226
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-0891
                Article
                0004-282X-ANP-2020-0018
                10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0018
                9394563
                34161526
                e2820232-eb86-4f93-9025-3162b9a5350f

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 January 2020
                : 30 May 2020
                : 21 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Article

                stroke,epilepsy,status epilepticus,acidente vascular cerebral,epilepsia,estado epiléptico

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