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      Transcriptome Analysis Reveals genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in Dendrobium catenatum From Different Locations

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          Abstract

          In this study, we applied transcriptome and UHPLC-MS technologies to investigate the flavonoids and their biosynthesis- and accumulation-related genes in Dendrobium catenatum from three different locations. Eight flavonoid glycosides were identified using standard references or previously isolated substances with MS data analysis. The total flavonoid contents were determined by reagents, and all the data were analyzed. In total, 23139 unigenes were obtained using the Dendrobium catenatum genome data. Of these, 10398 were annotated in the Gene Ontology (GO) database, 4203 were annotated in the KEGG database, and 10917 were annotated in the EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) database. Thirty-one of the unigenes annotated by the KEGG database were involved in flavonoid pathways. The genes involved in bio-modification, accumulation, transportation and the regulation of the flavonoid bio-synthesis process were investigated. In conclusion, the flavonoids in Dendrobium catenatum from three different locations were different in quantitative and qualitative which may contribute to the establishment of quality control method for this herbal plant. These differences were determined by flavonoids biosynthesis process and they were concluded by sorting out the expression level of certain biosynthesis related genes.

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          Recent advances on the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in reproductive organs.

          Katia Petroni, Chiara Tonelli (2011)
          Anthocyanins represent the major red, purple, violet and blue pigments in many flowers and fruits. They attract pollinators and seed dispersers and defend plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. Anthocyanins are produced by a specific branch of the flavonoid pathway, which is differently regulated in monocot and dicot species. In the monocot maize, the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes are activated as a single unit by a ternary complex of MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factors (MBW complex). In the dicot Arabidopsis, anthocyanin biosynthesis genes can be divided in two subgroups: early biosynthesis genes (EBGs) are activated by co-activator independent R2R3-MYB transcription factors, whereas late biosynthesis genes (LBGs) require an MBW complex. In addition to this, a complex regulatory network of positive and negative feedback mechanisms controlling anthocyanin synthesis in Arabidopsis has been described. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in flowers and fruits, indicating that a regulatory system based on the cooperation of MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins that control floral and fruit pigmentation is common to many dicot species. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 342 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Arabidopsis TT2 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB domain protein that acts as a key determinant for proanthocyanidin accumulation in developing seed.

            N Nesi, C Jond, I Debeaujon … (2001)
            In Arabidopsis, proanthocyanidins specifically accumulate in the endothelium during early seed development. At least three TRANSPARENT TESTA (TT) genes, TT2, TT8, and TTG1, are necessary for the normal expression of several flavonoid structural genes in immature seed, such as DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE and BANYULS (BAN). TT8 and TTG1 were characterized recently and found to code for a basic helix-loop-helix domain transcription factor and a WD-repeat-containing protein, respectively. Here the molecular cloning of the TT2 gene was achieved by T-DNA tagging. TT2 encoded an R2R3 MYB domain protein with high similarity to the rice OsMYB3 protein and the maize COLORLESS1 factor. A TT2-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was located mostly in the nucleus, in agreement with the regulatory function of the native TT2 protein. TT2 expression was restricted to the seed during early embryogenesis, consistent with BAN expression and the proanthocyanidin deposition profile. Finally, in gain-of-function experiments, TT2 was able to induce ectopic expression of BAN in young seedlings and roots in the presence of a functional TT8 protein. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that stringent spatial and temporal BAN expression, and thus proanthocyanidin accumulation, are determined at least partially by TT2.
            Article 0 comments Cited 241 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Plant Flavonoids—Biosynthesis, Transport and Involvement in Stress Responses

              Elisa Petrussa, Enrico Braidot, Marco Zancani … (2013)
              This paper aims at analysing the synthesis of flavonoids, their import and export in plant cell compartments, as well as their involvement in the response to stress, with particular reference to grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). A multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) as well as ABC transporters have been demonstrated in the tonoplast of grape berry, where they perform a flavonoid transport. The involvement of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene has also been inferred. Recently, a putative flavonoid carrier, similar to mammalian bilitranslocase (BTL), has been identified in both grape berry skin and pulp. In skin the pattern of BTL expression increases from véraison to harvest, while in the pulp its expression reaches the maximum at the early ripening stage. Moreover, the presence of BTL in vascular bundles suggests its participation in long distance transport of flavonoids. In addition, the presence of a vesicular trafficking in plants responsible for flavonoid transport is discussed. Finally, the involvement of flavonoids in the response to stress is described.
              Article 0 comments Cited 218 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gang Wei: Weigang021@outlook.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 April 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 April 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6373
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8848 7685, GRID grid.411866.c, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, ; Guangzhou city, 510006 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8848 7685, GRID grid.411866.c, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, ; Guangzhou city, 510006 China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8848 7685, GRID grid.411866.c, The First Affiliated Hospital, , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, ; Guangzhou city, 510006 China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 24751
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24751-y
                PMC ID: 5913234
                PubMed ID: 29686299
                SO-VID: e2787f7a-b0b2-453e-ad80-a59ec70b7ae7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 16 June 2017
                Date accepted : 10 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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