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      The experience of infectologists faced with death and dying among their patients over the course of the AIDS epidemic in the city of São Paulo: qualitative study Translated title: Experiência de infectologistas frente à morte e ao morrer de seus pacientes ao longo da epidemia de AIDS na cidade de São Paulo: estudo qualitativo

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          Abstract

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: With the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, infectologists' care practices went through great changes. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze the experiences of infectologists in dealing with death and dying among their patients, over the course of the AIDS epidemic in the city of São Paulo. DESIGN AND SETTING: A qualitative approach was used. Twenty infectologists from five hospitals that treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients in the municipality of São Paulo were interviewed. METHODS: The sample was formed through the snowball process. The sample size was determined using the saturation criterion. To analyze the material obtained from the interviews, the procedure of thematic analysis was used. This consisted of finding the core meaning relating to the study objective, within the set of materials obtained. RESULTS: Analysis of the material obtained from the interviews led to three main themes: 1. The initial context of AIDS and its impact on infectologists; 2. Modifications to the infectologists' attachments to patients after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); 3. Coping with death and dying. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the importance of considering the distress, emotional overload and adaptive mechanisms relating to death and dying among patients, both in training and in professional practice.

          Translated abstract

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Com o surgimento da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids), em 1981, os infectologistas passaram por grandes modificações em sua prática assistencial. Este estudo tem por objetivo descrever e analisar as vivências de médicos infectologistas frente à morte e ao morrer de seus pacientes ao longo da trajetória da epidemia de aids na cidade de São Paulo. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Adotou-se a abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistados 20 médicos infectologistas pertencentes a cinco instituições hospitalares que atendem portadores de vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)/aids no município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: A composição da amostra foi realizada pelo processo de snowball e o tamanho da amostra determinado pelo critério de saturação. Para a análise do material obtido nas entrevistas, foi utilizado o procedimento da análise temática, que consiste em descobrir os núcleos de sentido existentes no conjunto do material obtido e que têm relação com o objetivo do estudo. RESULTADOS: Da análise do material obtido nas entrevistas resultaram três eixos temáticos: 1. O contexto inicial da aids e o impacto vivido pelos infectologistas; 2. Modificações na vinculação com os pacientes depois da introdução da terapia antirretroviral potente (HAART); 3. Lidando com a morte e o morrer. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo aponta para a importância de considerar, tanto na formação como no exercício profissional, o sofrimento, a sobrecarga emocional e os mecanismos adaptativos relacionados à morte e o morrer de pacientes.

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          Self-care of physicians caring for patients at the end of life: "Being connected... a key to my survival".

          Physicians providing end-of-life care are subject to a variety of stresses that may lead to burnout and compassion fatigue at both individual and team levels. Through the story of an oncologist, we discuss the prodromal symptoms and signs leading to burnout and compassion fatigue and present the evidence for prevention. We define and discuss factors that contribute to burnout and compassion fatigue and consider factors that may mitigate burnout. We explore the practice of empathy and discuss an approach for physicians to maximize wellness through self-awareness in the setting of caring for patients with end-stage illness. Finally, we discuss some practical applications of self-care in the workplace.
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            Doctors' emotional reactions to recent death of a patient: cross sectional study of hospital doctors.

            To describe doctors' emotional reactions to the recent death of an "average" patient and to explore the effects of level of training on doctors' reactions. Cross sectional study using quantitative and qualitative data. Two academic teaching hospitals in the United States. 188 doctors (attending physicians (equivalent to UK consultants), residents (equivalent to UK senior house officers), and interns (equivalent to UK junior house officers)) who cared for 68 patients who died in the hospital. Doctors' experiences in providing care, their emotional reactions to the patient's death, and their use of coping and social resources to manage their emotions. Most doctors (139/188, 74%) reported satisfying experiences in caring for a dying patient. Doctors reported moderate levels of emotional impact (mean 4.7 (SD 2.4) on a 0-10 scale) from the death. Women and those doctors who had cared for the patient for a longer time experienced stronger emotional reactions. Level of training was not related to emotional reactions, but interns reported needing significantly more emotional support than attending physicians. Although most junior doctors discussed the patient's death with an attending physician, less than a quarter of interns and residents found senior teaching staff (attending physicians) to be the most helpful source of support. Doctors who spend a longer time caring for their patients get to know them better but this also makes them more vulnerable to feelings of loss when these patients die. Medical teams may benefit from debriefing within the department to give junior doctors an opportunity to share emotional responses and reflect on the patient's death.
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              Doctors, their wellbeing, and their stress.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spmj
                Sao Paulo Medical Journal
                Sao Paulo Med. J.
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                2010
                : 128
                : 2
                : 74-80
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo
                [03] São Paulo orgnameState Health Department of São Paulo orgdiv1Institute of Health Brazil
                [04] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Department of Psychiatry Brazil
                [02] São Paulo orgnameSexually-Transmitted Diseases-AIDS (STD-AIDS) Reference and Training Center Brazil
                Article
                S1516-31802010000200006 S1516-3180(10)12800206
                e2715807-de98-4104-a0b0-9ac30019dd91

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 August 2009
                : 12 February 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Original Article

                Pesar,Morte,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida,Death,Pacientes,Médicos,Grief,Patients,Physicians

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