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      Current Cancer Epidemiology

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          Abstract

          In this brief report, we offer a concise overview on current cancer epidemiology garnered from the official databases of World Health Organization and American Cancer Society and provide recent information on frequency, mortality, and survival expectancy of the 15 leading types of cancers worldwide. Overall, cancer poses the highest clinical, social, and economic burden in terms of cause-specific Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) among all human diseases. The overall 0–74 years risk of developing cancer is 20.2% (22.4% in men and 18.2% in women, respectively). A total number of 18 million new cases have been diagnosed in 2018, the most frequent of which are lung (2.09 million cases), breast (2.09 million cases), and prostate (1.28 million cases) cancers. Beside sex-specific malignancies, the ratio of frequency between men and women is >1 for all cancers, except thyroid (i.e., 0.30). As concerns mortality, cancer is the second worldwide cause of death (8.97 million deaths) after ischemic heart disease, but will likely become the first in 2060 (~18.63 million deaths). Lung, liver, and stomach are the three most deadly cancers in the general population, while lung and breast cancers are the leading causes of cancer related-mortality in men and women, respectively. Prostate and thyroid cancers have the best prognosis, with 5-year survival ~100%, while esophagus, liver, and especially pancreas cancers have the worst prognosis, typically <20% at 5 years. We hope that this report will provide fertile ground for addressing health-care interventions aimed at preventing, diagnosing, and managing cancer around the world.

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          The growing role of precision and personalized medicine for cancer treatment

          Cancer is a devastating disease that takes the lives of hundreds of thousands of people every year. Due to disease heterogeneity, standard treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation, are effective in only a subset of the patient population. Tumors can have different underlying genetic causes and may express different proteins in one patient versus another. This inherent variability of cancer lends itself to the growing field of precision and personalized medicine (PPM). There are many ongoing efforts to acquire PPM data in order to characterize molecular differences between tumors. Some PPM products are already available to link these differences to an effective drug. It is clear that PPM cancer treatments can result in immense patient benefits, and companies and regulatory agencies have begun to recognize this. However, broader changes to the healthcare and insurance systems must be addressed if PPM is to become part of standard cancer care.
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            Current status and future directions of cancer immunotherapy

            In the past decades, our knowledge about the relationship between cancer and the immune system has increased considerably. Recent years' success of cancer immunotherapy including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cancer vaccines, adoptive cancer therapy and the immune checkpoint therapy has revolutionized traditional cancer treatment. However, challenges still exist in this field. Personalized combination therapies via new techniques will be the next promising strategies for the future cancer treatment direction.
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              The dawn of the liquid biopsy in the fight against cancer

              Cancer is a molecular disease associated with alterations in the genome, which, thanks to the highly improved sensitivity of mutation detection techniques, can be identified in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating in blood, a method also called liquid biopsy. This is a non-invasive alternative to surgical biopsy and has the potential of revealing the molecular signature of tumors to aid in the individualization of treatments. In this review, we focus on cfDNA analysis, its advantages, and clinical applications employing genomic tools (NGS and dPCR) particularly in the field of oncology, and highlight its valuable contributions to early detection, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Epidemiol Glob Health
                J Epidemiol Glob Health
                JEGH
                Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
                Atlantis Press
                2210-6006
                2210-6014
                December 2019
                : 9
                : 4
                : 217-222
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service of Clinical Governance, Provincial Agency for Social and Sanitary Services, Trento, Italy
                [2 ]Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: giuseppe.lippi@ 123456univr.it
                Article
                JEGH-9-4-217
                10.2991/jegh.k.191008.001
                7310786
                31854162
                e233cd7e-6fbb-4552-9baa-0f9f247b697b
                © 2019 Atlantis Press International B.V.

                This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                : 09 July 2019
                : 05 October 2019
                Categories
                Review

                cancer,epidemiology,statistics,frequency,mortality
                cancer, epidemiology, statistics, frequency, mortality

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