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      Morphological aspects of immature stages of Migonemyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), an important vector of Leishmaniosis in South America, described by scanning electron microscopy

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          Abstract

          We describe the immature stages of Migonemyia migonei, which is the vector of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America, and a putative vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to refine the description of the structures of the egg, all instar larvae, and the pupa. The eggs have polygonal cells on the egg exochorion, and differences between larval and pupal chaetotaxy have been highlighted. Different sensillary subtypes—trichoidea, basiconica, coelonica and campanoformia—were observed in the larval stages. The results presented herein contribute to the taxonomy of Mg. migonei and may contribute to future studies on the phylogeny of this important vector species.

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          A PROPOSAL OF GENERIC AND SUBGENERIC ABBREVIATIONS FOR PHLEBOTOMINE SANDFLIES (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE: PHLEBOTOMINAE) OF THE WORLD

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            Atlas of olfactory organs of Drosophila melanogaster

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              Laboratory colonization and mass rearing of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae)

              Laboratory colonies of phlebotomine sand flies are necessary for experimental study of their biology, behaviour and mutual relations with disease agents and for testing new methods of vector control. They are indispensable in genetic studies and controlled observations on the physiology and behaviour of sand flies, neglected subjects of high priority. Colonies are of particular value for screening insecticides. Colonized sand flies are used as live vector models in a diverse array of research projects, including xenodiagnosis, that are directed toward control of leishmaniasis and other sand fly-associated diseases. Historically, labour-intensive maintenance and low productivity have limited their usefulness for research, especially for species that do not adapt well to laboratory conditions. However, with growing interest in leishmaniasis research, rearing techniques have been developed and refined, and sand fly colonies have become more common, enabling many significant breakthroughs. Today, there are at least 90 colonies representing 21 distinct phlebotomine sand fly species in 35 laboratories in 18 countries worldwide. The materials and methods used by various sand fly workers differ, dictated by the availability of resources, cost or manpower constraints rather than choice. This paper is not intended as a comprehensive review but rather a discussion of methods and techniques most commonly used by researchers to initiate, establish and maintain sand fly colonies, with emphasis on the methods proven to be most effective for the species the authors have colonized. Topics discussed include collecting sand flies for colony stock, colony initiation, maintenance and mass-rearing procedures, and control of sand fly pathogens in colonies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                12 November 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 11
                : e0242163
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
                [2 ] Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
                [3 ] Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
                [4 ] Divisão de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
                [5 ] Laboratório de Biotecnologia Industrial, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT), São Paulo, Brasil
                Universidade Federal de Lavras, BRAZIL
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2193-4318
                Article
                PONE-D-20-25807
                10.1371/journal.pone.0242163
                7660558
                33180853
                e2155ec2-9a9d-42af-bf52-11cdc56ea46f
                © 2020 Marialva et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 August 2020
                : 27 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 17, Tables: 9, Pages: 22
                Funding
                FACP, NFS, PFPP are CNPq productive fellowship. FACP received a CNPq Grant 401262/2014-6 EFM was CAPES fellowship Grant Number 001.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Larvae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Pupae
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Microscopy
                Electron Microscopy
                Scanning Electron Microscopy
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Animal Anatomy
                Spiracles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Animal Anatomy
                Spiracles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Anatomy
                Spiracles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Respiratory System
                Spiracles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Respiratory System
                Spiracles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Sand Flies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Species Interactions
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Sand Flies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Eggs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Animal Anatomy
                Animal Antennae
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Animal Anatomy
                Animal Antennae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Anatomy
                Animal Antennae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript.

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