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      In vitro assessment of chemical surface treatments on the shear bond strength of metal orthodontic brackets to CAD/CAM provisional materials

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The growing demand for orthodontic treatment in patients irrespective of age highlights the need for effective bonding of brackets to provisional crowns (PCs).

          Aims and objectives

          This study evaluates the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets to 3D-printed and milled PC materials, comparing the effects of hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and phosphoric acid (PA) etching.

          Materials and methods

          Forty cylinders were fabricated using a 3D printer with hybrid resin, and forty were milled from cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. Stainless steel brackets were bonded with light-cured composite resin. Twenty specimens from each group were treated with 9.5% HFA, while the rest of the specimens received 37% PA. Post-bonding, specimens underwent thermocycling and were examined with SEM. SBS testing followed ISO/TS 11405-2015 guidelines. The failure patterns and bond interface were assessed by the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data was analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey's test.

          Results

          In 3D-printed materials, HFA etching yielded a significantly higher bond strength (12.59 ± 2.64 MPa) than PA etching (7.77 ± 0.83 MPa). The bond strength was inferior in milled materials: HFA (5.98 ± 0.59 MPa) and PA (5.66 ± 0.65 MPa) with no significant difference between both surface treatments. When each material was evaluated separately, a significant difference in SBS was found for surface treatments in 3D-printed materials ( p < 0.001) but not for milled materials ( p = 0.916). ARI scores showed greater adhesive retention in 3D-printed specimens, particularly those treated with HFA. SEM revealed smoother surfaces in 3D-printed specimens compared to rougher surfaces in milled specimens.

          Conclusion

          HFA etching improves SBS in 3D-printed PC, while in milled materials, the choice of etching agent has minimal effect.

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          Most cited references22

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          GPOWER: A general power analysis program

          Edgar Erdfelder, Franz Faul, Axel Buchner (1996)
          Article 0 comments Cited 862 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Advanced silica/polymer composites: Materials and applications

            Dong Won Lee, Bok Ryul Yoo (2016)
            Article 0 comments Cited 42 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Orthodontic bonding to porcelain: a systematic review.

              Gursimrit Grewal Bach, Ysidora Torrealba, Manuel Lagravere (2014)
              To use a systematic review to determine which materials and technique/protocol present the highest success rate in bonding brackets to porcelain surfaces.
              Article 0 comments Cited 25 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Abdulaziz A. Alzaid: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2840084/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Khalid K. Alanazi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2907914/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Maha N. Alharbi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2907870/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Lulu A. Alyahya: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2907899/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Hatem Alqarni: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2061136/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Mohammed Alsaloum: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2200678/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Hayam Alfallaj: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2851366/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Ghada S. Alotaibi: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Dent Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Dent Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Dent. Med
                Title: Frontiers in Dental Medicine
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2673-4915
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 December 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1494484
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [ 2 ]King Abdullah International Medical Research Center , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [ 3 ]Conservative Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University , Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia
                [ 4 ]College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [ 5 ]King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard—Health Affairs , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

                Reviewed by: Yousif Al-Dulaijan, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

                Rashed Alsahafi, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia

                [* ] Correspondence: Abdulaziz A. Alzaid a.alzaid.1989@ 123456gmail.com ; zaidab@ 123456ksau-hs.edu.sa
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2024.1494484
                PMC ID: 11797867
                PubMed ID: 39917684
                SO-VID: e210aa1d-ea87-4f3d-8ab4-1972f29ced4a
                Copyright © © 2024 Alzaid, Alanazi, Alharbi, Alyahya, Alqarni, Alsaloum, Alfallaj and Alotaibi.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 10 September 2024
                Date accepted : 21 November 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 8, Words: 0
                Funding
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC).
                Categories
                Subject: Dental Medicine
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Dental Materials

                Keywords: adhesive performance,dental materials,orthodontic bonding,surface modification,temporary restorations
                Data availability:
                Keywords: adhesive performance, dental materials, orthodontic bonding, surface modification, temporary restorations

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