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      Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease

      Nature Reviews Cardiology
      Springer Nature

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          Abstract

          This Review describes the relationship between urban and transport planning and the city environment, the main cardiovascular risk factors (including physical activity, hypertension, and obesity), and cardiovascular disease and mortality. Good evidence exists for a relationship between built environment measures (such as mixed land use, connectivity and walkability, and physical activity), environmental exposures (such as green space, air pollution, and noise), and cardiovascular disease and mortality. Some good evidence exists for a link between transport mode and cardiovascular disease, but evidence is inconsistent for an association between built environment measures and weight status, and between green space and either weight status or physical activity. Further research is needed into the influence of built environment measures on cardiovascular disease and mortality. Urban and transport planning has an important effect on cardiovascular health and its risk factors. Cardiovascular disease and mortality could be reduced by better urban and transport planning that promotes physical activity; reduces levels of air pollution, noise, and heat island effects; and increases green space.

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          Most cited references58

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          City planning and population health: a global challenge

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            Cardiovascular disease in Europe 2014: epidemiological update.

            This paper provides an update for 2014 on the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and in particular coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, across the countries of Europe. Cardiovascular disease causes more deaths among Europeans than any other condition, and in many countries still causes more than twice as many deaths as cancer. There is clear evidence in most countries with available data that mortality and case-fatality rates from CHD and stroke have decreased substantially over the last 5-10 years but at differing rates. The differing recent trends have therefore led to increasing inequalities in the burden of CVD between countries. For some Eastern European countries, including Russia and Ukraine, the mortality rate for CHD for 55-60 year olds is greater than the equivalent rate in France for people 20 years older.
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              Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review.

              A number of studies have associated natural outdoor environments with reduced mortality but there is no systematic review synthesizing the evidence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nature Reviews Cardiology
                Nat Rev Cardiol
                Springer Nature
                1759-5002
                1759-5010
                April 13 2018
                Article
                10.1038/s41569-018-0003-2
                29654256
                e1c911cb-f3ab-43c9-926c-eb767d951c94
                © 2018

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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