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      Fistules obstétricales dans la province du Haut-Katanga, République Démocratique du Congo: à propos de 242 cas Translated title: Obstetric fistulas among people living in northern Katanga province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: about 242 cases

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          Abstract

          Les fistules obstétricales constituent un problème majeur de Santé Publique dans les pays pauvres. L’objectif de ce travail est de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des fistules obstétricales dans la province du Haut-Katanga, République Démocratique du Congo. L’étude est transversale descriptive, portant sur 242 patientes souffrant de la fistule obstétricale dans la province du Haut-Katanga durant la période allant de Septembre 2009 à Décembre 2013. Les paramètres étudiés étaient les données sociodémographiques maternelles, les paramètres obstétricaux et néonatals, les caractéristiques spécifiques de la fistule ainsi que les modalités et l’issue de la prise en charge. Les variables ont été analysées sur logiciel Epi-info version 7.1. Des 242 cas de fistules, 229 patientes ont accouché par voie basse soit 95% d’entre elles et 74,6% à domicile. Le nouveau-né était décédé en période périnatale dans 93,4% des accouchements. L’âge moyen des patientes était de 27,9±10,3 ans. Environ une patiente sur six avait moins de 20 ans et dans l’ensemble près d’une patiente sur 2 avait moins de 25 ans. 7 patientes sur 10 avaient une parité inférieure à 3 et la parité moyenne était de 2,5±2,0. Nonante pourcent des cas avaient un niveau d’études bas et 95% vivaient seules. La fistule avait en moyenne plus de 4,7±4,4 ans d’âge, était vésico-vaginale (96%), de type 2-3 (37%) et réparée par voie vaginale (67%). Le taux d’échecs était de 14%. La fistule obstétricale constitue un réel problème de Santé Publique dans notre milieu et mérite une réflexion profonde pour son éradication.

          Translated abstract

          Obstetric fistulas are a major public health problem in poor countries. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of obstetric fistulas in northern Katanga province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of 242 patients with obstetric fistula living in northern Katanga province from September 2009 to December 2013. The parameters studied included maternal sociodemographic data, obstetric and neonatal parameters, specific features of the fistula as well as management approach and outcome. Variables were analyzed using Epi Info 7.1 software. Out of 242 patients with obstetric fistula, 229 (95%) patients delivered vaginally and among them 74.6% delivered at home. In 93,4% of cases the new-born died in the perinatal period. The average age of patients was 27.9 ± 10.3 years. One out of six patients had less than 20 years and in general almost 1 out of 2 patients had less than 25 years. Seven out of ten patients had a parity of less than 3 and the average parity was 2.5±2.0. Ninety percent of patients had a low educational level and 95% lived alone. The patients had, on average, a history of fistula of more than 4.7±4.4 years, it was a vesico-vaginal fistula (96%) type 2-3 (37%) and it was repaired using a transvaginal approach (67%). The average failure rate was 14%. Obstetric fistula is a real public health problem in our environment and it deserves further consideration to be eradicated.

          Most cited references23

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          The obstetric vesicovaginal fistula: characteristics of 899 patients from Jos, Nigeria.

          The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of women with obstetric vesicovaginal fistulas at a hospital in north central Nigeria. A retrospective record review was conducted of all women who were seen with vesicovaginal fistulas at Evangel Hospital in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, between January 1992 and June 1999. A total of 932 fistula cases were identified, of which 899 cases (96.5%) were associated temporally with labor and delivery. The "typical patient" was small and short (44 kg and <150 cm); had been married early (15.5 years) but was now divorced or separated; was uneducated, poor, and from a rural area; had developed her fistula as a primigravida during a labor that lasted at least 2 days and which resulted in a stillborn fetus. Obstetric vesicovaginal fistula is extremely common in north central Nigeria. A complex interaction that involves multiple biologic and socioeconomic factors appears to predispose young women to this devastating childbirth injury.
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            Risk factors for obstetric fistula: a clinical review

            Obstetric fistula is the presence of a hole between a woman’s genital tract and either the urinary or the intestinal tract. Better knowledge of the risk factors for obstetric fistula could help in preventing its occurrence. The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of obstetric fistula patients. We conducted a search of the literature to identify all relevant articles published during the period from 1987–2008. Among the 19 selected studies, 15 were reports from sub-Saharan Africa and 4 from the Middle East. Among the reported fistula cases, 79.4% to 100% were obstetrical while the remaining cases were from other causes. Rectovaginal fistulae accounted for 1% to 8%, vesicovaginal fistulae for 79% to 100% of cases, and combined vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulae were reported in 1% to 23% of cases. Teenagers accounted for 8.9% to 86% of the obstetrical fistulae patients at the time of treatment. Thirty-one to 67% of these women were primiparas. Among the obstetric fistula patients, 57.6% to 94.8% of women labor at home and are secondarily transferred to health facilities. Nine to 84% percent of these women delivered at home. Many of the fistula patients were shorter than 150 cm tall (40–79.4%). The mean duration of labor among the fistula patients ranged from 2.5 to 4 days. Twenty to 95.7% of patients labored for more than 24 h. Operative delivery was eventually performed in 11% to 60% of cases. Obstetric fistula was associated with several risk factors, and they appear to be preventable. This knowledge should be used in strengthening the preventive strategy both at the health facility and at the community level.
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              Predictors and outcome of surgical repair of obstetric fistula at a regional referral hospital, Mbarara, western Uganda

              Background Obstetric fistula although virtually eliminated in high income countries, still remains a prevalent and debilitating condition in many parts of the developing world. It occurs in areas where access to care at childbirth is limited, or of poor quality and where few hospitals offer the necessary corrective surgery. Methods This was a prospective observational study where all women who attended Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in western Uganda with obstetric fistula during the study period were assessed pre-operatively for social demographics, fistula characteristics, classification and outcomes after surgery. Assessment for fistula closure and stress incontinence after surgery was done using a dye test before discharge Results Of the 77 women who were recruited in this study, 60 (77.9%) had successful closure of their fistulae. Unsuccessful fistula closure was significantly associated with large fistula size (Odds Ratio 6 95% Confidential interval 1.46-24.63), circumferential fistulae (Odds ratio 9.33 95% Confidential interval 2.23-39.12) and moderate to severe vaginal scarring (Odds ratio 12.24 95% Confidential interval 1.52-98.30). Vaginal scarring was the only factor independently associated with unsuccessful fistula repair (Odds ratio 10 95% confidential interval 1.12-100.57). Residual stress incontinence after successful fistula closure was associated with type IIb fistulae (Odds ratio 5.56 95% Confidential interval 1.34-23.02), circumferential fistulae (Odds ratio 10.5 95% Confidential interval 1.39-79.13) and previous unsuccessful fistula repair (Odds ratio 4.8 95% Confidential interval 1.27-18.11). Independent predictors for residual stress incontinence after successful fistula closure were urethral involvement (Odds Ratio 4.024 95% Confidential interval 2.77-5.83) and previous unsuccessful fistula repair (Odds ratio 38.69 95% Confidential interval 2.13-703.88). Conclusions This study demonstrated that large fistula size, circumferential fistulae and marked vaginal scarring are predictors for unsuccessful fistula repair while predictors for residual stress incontinence after successful fistula closure were urethral involvement, circumferential fistulae and previous unsuccessful fistula repair.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                16 January 2018
                2018
                : 29
                : 34
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Département de Gynécoloie-Obstétrique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
                [2 ]Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales, Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
                [3 ]Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales, Uvira, République Démocratique du Congo
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: Olivier Mukuku, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo
                Article
                PAMJ-29-34
                10.11604/pamj.2018.29.34.14576
                5987152
                29875916
                e1c78045-da28-4005-b1c1-2e298bb8be75
                © Joseph Bulanda Nsambi et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 December 2017
                : 07 January 2018
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                fistule obstétricale,prise en charge,haut-katanga,république démocratique du congo,obstetric fistula,treatment,northern katanga province,democratic republic of the congo

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