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      Impact of Solvent Evaporation and Curing Protocol on Degree of Conversion of Etch-and-Rinse and Multimode Adhesives Systems

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          This study evaluated the effect of air-drying time and light-curing time on the degree of conversion (DC) of three etch-and-rinse adhesive systems: ONE-STEP (OS) and ONE-STEP plus (OSP), Ambar (AMB), and two multimode adhesive systems: All-Bond Universal (ABU) and ScotchBond Universal (SBU) by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis.

          Materials and Methods

          The DC of each adhesive system was analyzed with six experimental different protocols: (1) immediate light curing for 10 s without solvent volatilization; (2) 10 s solvent volatilization with air stream plus 10 s light curing; (3) 60 s solvent volatilization with air stream plus 10 s light curing; (4) immediate light curing for 20 s without solvent volatilization; (5) 10 s solvent volatilization with air stream plus 20 s light curing; and (6) 60 s solvent volatilization with air stream plus 20 s light curing. FTIR spectra were obtained, and the DC was calculated by comparing the ratio of aliphatic/aromatic double carbon bonds before and after light activation (Bluephase 20i). The DC means were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey tests ( α = 0.05).

          Results

          Three-way ANOVA showed statistically significant adhesive, air-drying, and light-cured time ( p < 0.001). In general, there was a trend of increased DC when the adhesives were dried and cured for longer times, but that was not observed for all the adhesives tested. The acetone-based adhesive systems require an air-drying prior to light activation. The light-curing time of 20 s increases the DC of all materials tested.

          Conclusion

          The results suggested that the DC of the adhesive systems tested was material dependent. In general, the protocol with solvent evaporation for 10 seconds with air syringe plus 20 seconds of light curing finds the high values of DC.

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          Most cited references31

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          Systematic review of the chemical composition of contemporary dental adhesives.

          Kirsten Van Landuyt, Johan Snauwaert, Jan De Munck … (2007)
          Dental adhesives are designed to bond composite resins to enamel and dentin. Their chemical formulation determines to a large extent their adhesive performance in clinic. Irrespective of the number of bottles, an adhesive system typically contains resin monomers, curing initiators, inhibitors or stabilizers, solvents and sometimes inorganic filler. Each one of these components has a specific function. The aim of this article is to systematically review the ingredients commonly used in current dental adhesives as well as the properties of these ingredients. This paper includes an extensive table with the chemical formulation of contemporary dental adhesives.
          Article 0 comments Cited 221 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            State of the art of self-etch adhesives.

            J. Reuck, A Mine, Koen Van den Heede … (2010)
            This paper reflects on the state of the art of self-etch adhesives anno 2010. After presenting the general characteristics of self-etch adhesives, the major shortcomings of the most simple-to-use one-step (self-etch) adhesives are addressed. Special attention is devoted to the AD-concept and the benefit of chemical interfacial interaction with regard to bond durability. Finally, issues like the potential interference of surface smear and the more challenging bond to enamel for 'mild' self-etch adhesives are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Degree of conversion and permeability of dental adhesives.

              Matteo Biasotto, Roberto Di Fabio, Francesca Antoniolli … (2005)
              The aim of this study was to analyse the extent of polymerization of different adhesive films in relation to their permeability. One adhesive of each class was investigated: OptiBond FL; One-Step; Clearfil Protect Bond; and Xeno III. Adhesive films were prepared and cured with XL-2500 (3M ESPE) for 20, 40 or 60 s. Polymerization kinetic curves of the adhesives tested were obtained with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and data were correlated with microhardness. The permeability of the adhesives under the same experimental conditions was evaluated on human extracted teeth connected to a permeability device and analysed statistically. The results showed that the extent of polymerization obtained from DSC exotherms was directly correlated with microhardness. An increased level of polymerization after prolonged light-curing was confirmed for all adhesives. Simplified adhesives exhibited a lower extent of polymerization and showed incomplete polymerization, even after 60 s. An inverse correlation was found between the degree of cure and the permeability. This study supports the hypothesis that the permeability of simplified adhesives is correlated with incomplete polymerization of resin monomers and the extent of light exposure. These adhesives may be rendered less permeable by using longer curing times than those recommended by the respective manufacturer.
              Article 0 comments Cited 51 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ceci Nunes Carvalho:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-4081
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJD
                Title: International Journal of Dentistry
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1687-8728
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-8736
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 April 2019
                Volume: 2019
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5496784
                Affiliations
                1School of Dentistry, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello No 1, Renascença II, 65075120 São Luís, MA, Brazil
                2Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antonio Carlos Av 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
                3Discipline of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University Federal of Maranhão (UFMA), Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65085680 São Luis, MA, Brazil
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Ali I. Abdalla

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1706-4081
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2019/5496784
                PMC ID: 6487092
                PubMed ID: 31097965
                SO-VID: e17d814e-e27d-4203-a482-89dcd82736bb
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Ceci Nunes Carvalho et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 November 2018
                Date revision received : 19 February 2019
                Date accepted : 24 March 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão
                Award ID: BEPP 01087/18
                Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
                Award ID: 237066/2012-2
                Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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