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      Factores asociados con la dependencia funcional en los adultos mayores: un análisis secundario del Estudio Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México, 2001 Translated title: Factors associated with functional dependence in older adults: a secondary analysis of the National Study on Health and Aging, Mexico, 2001

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados con la dependencia funcional de los adultos mayores para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) y actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD). MÉTODO: Estudio transversal de la información obtenida en la primera vuelta del Estudio Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM) en 2001. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 7 171 personas de 60 años o más. Mediante el análisis de regresión logística multifactorial se analizó la asociación de la dependencia funcional para realizar ABVD y AIVD con los hábitos de vida y los antecedentes personales sociales, familiares y de salud desde la infancia de los participantes. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 69,4 ± 7,6 años (de 60 a 105 años); 53,4% eran mujeres. Los grupos de dependientes para realizar ABVD y AIVD tenían en promedio mayor edad (P < 0,01), en él predominaban las mujeres (P < 0,01) y había más personas analfabetas y que declararon haber tenido un número significativamente mayor de enfermedades crónicas y haber sufrido dolor con mayor frecuencia en los grupos de personas independientes (P < 0,01). Entre los 521 (7,3%) dependientes para realizar ABVD se observó una mayor proporción de personas sin pareja (P < 0,01), viudos (P < 0,01) y con una peor percepción de su salud que entre los independientes (P < 0,01). Seiscientos tres (8,4%) de los entrevistados eran dependientes para realizar AIVD. La mayor edad, padecer de enfermedad cerebrovascular, un mayor número de enfermedades crónicas, síntomas depresivos, deficiencia visual, dolores que limitan sus actividades diarias y tener algún miembro amputado resultaron ser factores significativa e independientemente asociados con la dependencia para realizar AIVD. Un menor número de problemas sociales durante la infancia y menos años de trabajo remunerado estuvieron asociados con una menor dependencia para realizar AIVD. CONCLUSIONES: La dependencia funcional en los adultos mayores está directamente relacionada con el envejecimiento y depende de múltiples factores determinantes. El conocimiento de estos factores debe contribuir a diseñar programas de salud que permitan identificar a los individuos en riesgo de perder su autonomía e implementar intervenciones dirigidas a detener o revertir ese proceso.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with dependence for basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in elderly adults in Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of data from the first round of Mexico’s National Study on Health and Aging, 2001, was undertaken. The sample consisted of 7 171 participants, 60 years of age or older. Multifactorial regression analysis was used to identify associations between BADL and IADL dependence and lifestyle, sociodemographics, family background, and health history, from childhood to present. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 69.4 ± 7.6 years of age, with a range of 60-105 years; females made up 53.4% of the sample. The BADL- and IADL-dependent groups had a higher mean age (P < 0.01), were predominantly female (P < 0.01), had a greater incidence of illiteracy, and reported a significantly higher number of chronic diseases and greater frequency of pain than did the independent participants. Among the 521 (7.3%) BADL-dependent, there was a higher percentage who were single or widowed (P < 0.01), and their self-assessed health was poorer, than that of the independent (P < 0.01). Among the 603 (8.4%) IADL-dependent, significant, independently associated factors were age, cerebrovascular and other chronic diseases, depression, vision issues, excessive pain, and amputation of a limb. Absence of childhood trauma and fewer years of employment were related to a lower incidence of IADL dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Functional dependence in older adults is directly related to aging and has multiple determinants. Awareness of these determinants should help design health programs that can identify individuals who are at high risk of losing their independence, and implement interventions for slowing or reversing the process.

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          Most cited references74

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          Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review.

          To lay the groundwork for devising, improving and implementing strategies to prevent or delay the onset of disability in the elderly, we conducted a systematic literature review of longitudinal studies published between 1985 and 1997 that reported statistical associations between individual base-line risk factors and subsequent functional status in community-living older persons. Functional status decline was defined as disability or physical function limitation. We used MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, SOCA, EMBASE, bibliographies and expert consultation to select the articles, 78 of which met the selection criteria. Risk factors were categorized into 14 domains and coded by two independent abstractors. Based on the methodological quality of the statistical analyses between risk factors and functional outcomes (e.g. control for base-line functional status, control for confounding, attrition rate), the strength of evidence was derived for each risk factor. The association of functional decline with medical findings was also analyzed. The highest strength of evidence for an increased risk in functional status decline was found for (alphabetical order) cognitive impairment, depression, disease burden (comorbidity), increased and decreased body mass index, lower extremity functional limitation, low frequency of social contacts, low level of physical activity, no alcohol use compared to moderate use, poor self-perceived health, smoking and vision impairment. The review revealed that some risk factors (e.g. nutrition, physical environment) have been neglected in past research. This review will help investigators set priorities for future research of the Disablement Process, plan health and social services for elderly persons and develop more cost-effective programs for preventing disability among them.
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            Disability in Older Adults: Evidence Regarding Significance, Etiology, and Risk

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              Exploring the effect of depression on physical disability: longitudinal evidence from the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly.

              This study examined the effect of depression on the incidence of physical disability and the role of confounding and explanatory variables in this relationship. A cohort of 6247 subjects 65 years and older who were initially free of disability was followed up for 6 years. Baseline depression was assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Disability in mobility and disability in activities of daily living were measured annually. Compared with the 5751 nondepressed subjects, the 496 depressed subjects had a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.67 (1.44, 1.95) and 1.73 (1.54, 1.94) for incident disability in activities of daily living and mobility, respectively. Adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline chronic conditions reduced the risks to 1.39 (1.18, 1.63) and 1.45 (1.29, 1.93), respectively. Less physical activity and fewer social contacts among depressed persons further explained part of their increased disability risk. Depression in older persons may increase the risk for incident disability. This excess risk is partly explained by depressed persons' decreased physical activity and social interaction. The role of other factors (e.g., biological mechanisms) should be examined.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                July 2007
                : 22
                : 1
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [02] Sherbrooke Quebec orgnameInstitut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke orgdiv1Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement Canadá
                [01] México D.F. orgnameInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán orgdiv1Clínica de Geriatría México
                Article
                S1020-49892007000600001 S1020-4989(07)02200101
                10.1590/s1020-49892007000600001
                e161ded9-9c07-4382-8f68-18bafe59094c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2006
                : 02 July 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículos

                dependencia,Mexico,geriatric assessment,Anciano,actividades cotidianas,activities of daily living,Health services for the aged,México

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