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      The orthographic/phonological neighbourhood size effect and set size

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          Abstract

          A growing number of studies have shown that on serial recall tests, words with more orthographic/phonological neighbours are better recalled than otherwise comparable words with fewer neighbours, the so-called neighbourhood size effect. Greeno et al. replicated this result when using a large stimulus pool but found a reverse neighbourhood size effect—better recall of words with fewer rather than more neighbours—when using a small stimulus pool. We report three registered experiments that further examine the role of set size in the neighbourhood size effect. Experiment 1 used the large pool from Greeno et al. and replicated their finding of a large-neighbourhood advantage. Experiment 2 used the small pool from Greeno et al. but found no difference in recall between the large and small neighbourhood conditions. Experiment 3 also used a small pool but the small pool was randomly generated for each subject from the large pool used in Experiment 1. This resulted in a typical large neighbourhood advantage. We suggest that set size is not critical to the direction of the neighbourhood size effect, with a large neighbourhood advantage appearing with both small and large pools.

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          Word length and the structure of short-term memory

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            The English Lexicon Project

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              Moving beyond Coltheart's N: a new measure of orthographic similarity.

              Visual word recognition studies commonly measure the orthographic similarity of words using Coltheart's orthographic neighborhood size metric (ON). Although ON reliably predicts behavioral variability in many lexical tasks, its utility is inherently limited by its relatively restrictive definition. In the present article, we introduce a new measure of orthographic similarity generated using a standard computer science metric of string similarity (Levenshtein distance). Unlike ON, the new measure-named orthographic Levenshtein distance 20 (OLD20)-incorporates comparisons between all pairs of words in the lexicon, including words of different lengths. We demonstrate that OLD20 provides significant advantages over ON in predicting both lexical decision and pronunciation performance in three large data sets. Moreover, OLD20 interacts more strongly with word frequency and shows stronger effects of neighborhood frequency than does ON. The discussion section focuses on the implications of these results for models of visual word recognition.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)
                Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)
                QJP
                spqjp
                Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                1747-0218
                1747-0226
                5 April 2023
                February 2024
                : 77
                : 2
                : 298-307
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
                [2 ]School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
                [3 ]Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Steven Roodenrys, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Email: steven@ 123456uow.edu.au
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-3585
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-1766
                Article
                10.1177_17470218231165863
                10.1177/17470218231165863
                10798011
                36924342
                e15bde08-8bc5-456a-ba76-6af92b9db2fa
                © Experimental Psychology Society 2023

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 18 November 2022
                : 5 February 2023
                : 9 March 2023
                Categories
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                open-data
                preregistration
                ts1

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                orthographic neighbourhood size effect,phonological neighbourhood size effect,set size,serial recall

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