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      Comparison of patients with migraine and tension-type headache in terms of somatosensory amplification and health anxiety Translated title: Estudo comparativo de pacientes com enxaqueca e cefaleia do tipo tensional em relação à amplificação somatossensorial e à ansiedade associada à saúde

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Although it is known that anxiety and depressive disorders frequently accompany migraine and TTH, the role of somatic amplification (SSA) and health anxiety in these diseases is not adequately known. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare SSA and health anxiety in patients with migraine or TTH, and healthy controls and to investigate the relationships between SSA, health anxiety, headache characteristics, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Methods: Fifty-four migraine, 50 TTH patients from the outpatient unit of the neurology department and 53 healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. The somatosensory amplification scale (SSAS), health anxiety inventory, Beck depression (BDI) and anxiety inventory (BAI) were administered to all participants. Results: The SSAS scores were significantly higher in migraineurs compared with the healthy controls. The health anxiety scores were significantly higher in both migraine and TTH groups. The BDI and BAI scores were also significantly higher in migraine and TTH groups compared with the controls. A significant positive correlation was found between headache frequency and BAI scores, the visual analogue scale scores and SSAS and BDI scores in migraineurs. The SSAS scores were also significantly correlated with the BDI and BAI scores in both of the headache groups. A similar correlation was determined with the health anxiety scores. Conclusions: While patients with migraine and TTH evalute, taking into account the SSA and health anxiety may contribute to the prognosis and treatment of these diseases.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Embora se saiba que os distúrbios de ansiedade e depressão frequentemente acompanhem a enxaqueca e a TTH, o papel da amplificação somatossensorial (somatosensory amplification, SSA) e da hipocondria nessas doenças ainda não é bem conhecido. Objetivo: O presente estudo faz uma comparação entre pacientes que sofrem de enxaqueca e TTH com um grupo de controle saudável em termos de SSA e hipocondria e investiga a relação entre os achados e as características da cefaleia, a ansiedade e os sintomas depressivos. Métodos: O estudo incluiu 54 pacientes com enxaqueca, 50 pacientes com TTH e 53 voluntários saudáveis que se cadastraram na clínica de neurologia. A escala de amplificação somatossensorial (somatosensory amplification scale, SSAS), o inventário de hipocondria, o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) e o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI) foram aplicados aos participantes. Resultados: Quando comparados com os controles saudáveis, as pontuações da SSAS dos pacientes com enxaqueca foram significativamente maiores, enquanto as pontuações de hipocondria foram significativamente maiores em ambos os grupos de enxaqueca e TTH. As pontuações do BAI e do BDI foram significativamente maiores em ambos os grupos de pacientes que no grupo de controle. No grupo da enxaqueca, foi identificada uma correlação positiva entre frequência de cefaleia e ansiedade, bem como entre a Escala Analógica Visual (EVA), a SSAS e a depressão. Em ambos os grupos de pacientes, a SSA foi correlacionada positivamente com a depressão e a ansiedade, e uma correlação semelhante foi encontrada entre a SSA e a hipocondria. Conclusão: Em avaliações dessas doenças, a hipocondria e a SSA devem ser levadas em consideração, pois se acredita que essa abordagem possa contribuir positivamente para o prognóstico e tratamento da doença.

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          Most cited references35

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          An Inventory for Measuring Depression

          A. Beck (1961)
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            The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide.

            This study, which is a part of the initiative 'Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign to Reduce the Burden of Headache Worldwide', assesses and presents all existing evidence of the world prevalence and burden of headache disorders. Population-based studies applying International Headache Society criteria for migraine and tension-type headache, and also studies on headache in general and 'chronic daily headache', have been included. Globally, the percentages of the adult population with an active headache disorder are 46% for headache in general, 11% for migraine, 42% for tension-type headache and 3% for chronic daily headache. Our calculations indicate that the disability attributable to tension-type headache is larger worldwide than that due to migraine. On the World Health Organization's ranking of causes of disability, this would bring headache disorders into the 10 most disabling conditions for the two genders, and into the five most disabling for women.
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              The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis.

              A self-rated measure of health anxiety should be sensitive across the full range of intensity (from mild concern to frank hypochondriasis) and should differentiate people suffering from health anxiety from those who have actual physical illness but who are not excessively concerned about their health. It should also encompass the full range of clinical symptoms characteristic of clinical hypochondriasis. The development and validation of such a scale is described. Three studies were conducted. First, the questionnaire was validated by comparing the responses of patients suffering from hypochondriasis with those suffering from hypochondriasis and panic disorder, panic disorder, social phobia and non-patient controls. Secondly, a state version of the questionnaire was administered to patients undergoing cognitive-behavioural treatment or wait-list in order to examine the measure's sensitivity to change. In the third study, a shortened version was developed and validated in similar types of sample, and in a range of samples of people seeking medical help for physical illness. The scale was found to be reliable and to have a high internal consistency. Hypochondriacal patients scored significantly higher than anxiety disorder patients, including both social phobic patients and panic disorder patients as well as normal controls. In the second study, a 'state' version of the scale was found to be sensitive to treatment effects, and to correlate very highly with a clinician rating based on an interview of present clinical state. A development and refinement of the scale (intended to reflect more fully the range of symptoms of and reactions to hypochondriasis) was found to be reliable and valid. A very short (14 item) version of the scale was found to have comparable properties to the full length scale. The HAI is a reliable and valid measure of health anxiety. It is likely to be useful as a brief screening instrument, as there is a short form which correlates highly with the longer version.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-282X
                1678-4227
                November 2019
                : 77
                : 11
                : 768-774
                Affiliations
                [2] Yozgat orgnameBozok Üniversites Tip Fakültesi orgdiv1Nöroloji Anabilim Dali Turkey
                [1] Yozgat orgnameBozok Üniversites Tip Fakültesi orgdiv1Psikiyatri Anabilim Dali Turkey
                Article
                S0004-282X2019001100768 S0004-282X(19)07701100768
                10.1590/0004-282x20190132
                e1295a3a-4856-4640-804c-9b7d1b2c9b5d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 June 2019
                : 21 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                tension-type headache,Migraine disorders,depressão,ansiedade,depression,cefaleia do tipo tensional,anxiety,Transtornos da enxaqueca

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