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Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a member of the Apolipoprotein family of proteins. It's
a vital protein that helps in the production of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles,
which are crucial for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It also has anti-inflammatory,
anti-atherogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. These functions
interact to give HDL particles their cardioprotective characteristics. ApoA1 has recently
been investigated for its potential role in atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurological
diseases, cancer, and certain infectious diseases. Since ApoA1's discovery, numerous
mutations have been reported that affect its structural integrity and alter its function.
Hence these insights have led to the development of clinically relevant peptides and
synthetic reconstituted HDL (rHDL) that mimics the function of ApoA1. As a result,
this review has aimed to provide an organized explanation of our understanding of
the ApoA1 protein structure and its role in various essential pathways. Furthermore,
we have comprehensively reviewed the important ApoA1 mutations (24 mutations) that
are reported to be involved in various diseases. Finally, we've focused on the therapeutic
potentials of some of the beneficial mutations, small peptides, and synthetic rHDL
that are currently being researched or developed, since these will aid in the development
of novel therapeutics in the future.