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      Papel de la cirugía en la enfermedad degenerativa espinal: análisis de revisiones sistemáticas sobre tratamientos quirúrgicos y conservadores desde el punto de vista de la medicina basada en la evidencia Translated title: Role of surgery in spinal degenerative disease: Analysis of systematic reviews on surgical and conservative treatments from an evidence-based approach

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          Abstract

          Introducción. Alrededor del 70-80% de la población presentará dolor de espalda incapacitante algún momento en su vida como consecuencia de la Enfermedad Degenerativa Espinal (EDE). Los costes globales que genera la enfermedad se estiman en torno al 1-2% del PIB anualmente. Desde el punto de vista de la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE), se constata una llamativa discrepancia entre la enorme disponibilidad y creciente uso de técnicas quirúrgicas (en especial de fusión espinal) y la escasa evidencia científica que apoya su utilización. Material y métodos. Hemos revisado cuidadosamente todos los metaanálisis referentes a tratamientos de la EDE publicados hasta Diciembre de 2003 y hemos clasificado las recomendaciones terapéuticas en niveles de evidencia (fuerte, moderada, limitada o ausencia de evidencia), tanto para tratamientos quirúrgicos como conservadores, siguiendo las pautas de la MBE. Resultados. Identificamos 44 metaanálisis de interés (9 sobre cirugía lumbar, 3 sobre cirugía cervical y 32 sobre otros tratamientos). Desde el punto de vista quirúrgico, sólo alcanza nivel de evidencia fuerte la laminectomía precoz en síndrome de cola de caballo por extrusión discal; la superioridad de la discectomía simple o microdiscectomía frente a quimionucleolisis en prolapso discal y espondilosis; y la cirugía de fusión (en principio, no instrumentada) en espondilolistesis ístmica del adulto o degenerativa asociada a estenosis lumbar. En espondilosis cervical con radiculo y/o mielopatía cervical leve, la discectomía más fusión no supera a la discectomía simple y ésta es dudosamente superior a la historia natural de la enfermedad más allá de 24 meses. La utilización profiláctica de antibióticos en cirugía espinal es beneficiosa. No se demuestra beneficio de la cirugía en dolor discogénico. Ninguna terapia conservadora alcanza el nivel de evidencia fuerte. Los antidepresivos mejoran la percepción del dolor pero no la funcionalidad. Discusión. A pesar de que se ha doblado el porcentaje de cirugías de instrumentación lumbar en las últimas dos décadas y crece a un ritmo del 20% anual, no se ha demostrado de forma fehaciente una mejoría en los resultados clínicos ni siquiera en las tasas globales de artrodesis. Este llamativo incremento del uso de la cirugía en procesos diferentes a las deformidades espinales y espondilolistesis aisladas o acompañadas de estenosis del canal lumbar, quizá obedece a múltiples factores técnicos y clínico-epidemiológicos donde no podemos obviar la enorme trascendencia económica que subyace. Resulta crucial diferenciar qué subgrupos de pacientes con EDE se benefician claramente de la cirugía. Desde el punto de vista ético empieza a plantearse la necesidad de diseñar ensayos clínicos que incorporen placebos quirúrgicos, dada la escasa evidencia científica que apoya la cirugía espinal a día de hoy. La mayor parte de los tratamientos conservadores tienen una eficacia moderada o leve (casi siempre transitoria) y, probablemente, deban utilizarse en combinación. Conclusiones. La cirugía de la EDE se asienta sobre pilares inseguros habida cuenta de que la mayor parte de las técnicas que se indican no están avaladas por recomendaciones de primera clase en términos de MBE. Parece necesario consensuar, desde las organizaciones que estudian la columna degenerativa, guías de práctica clínica en lo referente al tratamiento integral y multidisciplinado de la EDE, a sabiendas que, hasta hoy, pocos tratamientos alteran de forma positiva y duradera la historia natural de la enfermedad.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction. The lifetime prevalence of invalidating back pain in general population caused by Spinal Degenerative Disease (SDD) is about 70-80%. Global costs related to this disease are enormous (1-2% gross domestic product). From an Evidence-based point of view, there is a striking discrepancy between the use of many available surgical techniques (especially for spinal fusion) and the lack of scientific support. Methods. The authors carefully reviewed all published metaanalysis on SDD therapies up to December 2003. Treatment recommendations were classified according to levels of evidence (strong, moderate, mild or lack of evidence) for both surgical and conservative measures. Results. Forty-four metaanalysis were selected (nine on lumbar surgery, three on cervical surgery and thirty-two on other therapies). Relating surgery, there is strong evidence favouring early laminectomy in cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation; discectomy or microdiscectomy are superior to chemo-nucleolysis in lumbar prolapse and spondylosis; and fusion surgery (probably noninstrumented) in adult isthmic spondylolysthesis or degenerative spondylolysthesis with spinal stenosis. In cervical spondylosis and radiculomyelopathy, discectomy seems as efective as discectomy plus fusion, which does not seem to be better than untreated SDD beyond 24 months. Preoperative antibiotics seem to prevent infection in spinal surgery. No benefit of surgery is demonstrated in discogenic pain. None of conservative therapies are supported by strong evidence. Antidepressants improve pain perception but do not influence the functional status. Discussion. Although lumbar instrumented surgery has nearly doubled over two decades and the anual growth is about 20%, clinical results do not seem to have improved, not even global fusion rates. The increasing use of fusion surgery for cases other than spinal deformities, spondylolysthesis or spinal stenosis plus lysthesis may be related to multiple technical and clinical-epidemiological factors where huge financial and commercial interests must be considered. It is crucial to differenciate subsets of patients prone to beneft from surgery. It is discussed whether randomized trials incorporating sham operations are ethically justifiable, because of the lack of sould evidence for many spinal procedures. The efficacy of most conservative treatments is mild or moderate (mainly transient) and they should be probably used in combination. Conclusions. There is no strong evidence favouring most of surgical procedures for SDD from an evidence-based approach. It seems neccessary that scientific organizations studying SDD create clinical guidelines relating its multidisciplinary and integral management, recognizing that, up to now, few interventions positively modify in the long-term the natural history of the disease.

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          Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta-analytic review.

          Sixty-five studies that evaluated the efficacy of multidisciplinary treatments for chronic back pain were included in a meta-analysis. Within- and between-group effect sizes revealed that multidisciplinary treatments for chronic pain are superior to no treatment, waiting list, as well as single-discipline treatments such as medical treatment or physical therapy. Moreover, the effects appeared to be stable over time. The beneficial effects of multidisciplinary treatment were not limited to improvements in pain, mood and interference but also extended to behavioral variables such as return to work or use of the health care system. These results tend to support the efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment; however, these results must be interpreted cautiously as the quality of the study designs and study descriptions is marginal. Suggestions for improvement in research designs as well as appropriate reports of research completed are provided.
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            Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration.

            Single blind randomized study. To compare the effectiveness of lumbar instrumented fusion with cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. To the authors' best knowledge, only one randomized study has evaluated the effectiveness of lumbar fusion. The Swedish Lumbar Spine Study reported that lumbar fusion was better than continuing physiotherapy and care by the family physician. Sixty-four patients aged 25-60 years with low back pain lasting longer than 1 year and evidence of disc degeneration at L4-L5 and/or L5-S1 at radiographic examination were randomized to either lumbar fusion with posterior transpedicular screws and postoperative physiotherapy, or cognitive intervention and exercises. The cognitive intervention consisted of a lecture to give the patient an understanding that ordinary physical activity would not harm the disc and a recommendation to use the back and bend it. This was reinforced by three daily physical exercise sessions for 3 weeks. The main outcome measure was the Oswestry Disability Index. At the 1-year follow-up visit, 97% of the patients, including 6 patients who had either not attended treatment or changed groups, were examined. The Oswestry Disability Index was significantly reduced from 41 to 26 after surgery, compared with 42 to 30 after cognitive intervention and exercises. The mean difference between groups was 2.3 (-6.7 to 11.4) (P = 0.33). Improvements inback pain, use of analgesics, emotional distress, life satisfaction, and return to work were not different. Fear-avoidance beliefs and fingertip-floor distance were reduced more after nonoperative treatment, and lower limb pain was reduced more after surgery. The success rate according to an independent observer was 70% after surgery and 76% after cognitive intervention and exercises. The early complication rate in the surgical group was 18%. The main outcome measure showed equal improvement in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration randomized to cognitive intervention and exercises, or lumbar fusion.
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              Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. A prospective study comparing decompression with decompression and intertransverse process arthrodesis.

              Fifty patients who had spinal stenosis associated with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis were prospectively studied clinically and radiographically to determine if concomitant intertransverse-process arthrodesis provided better results than decompressive laminectomy alone. There were thirty-six women and fourteen men. The mean age of the twenty-five patients who had had an arthrodesis was 63.5 years and that of the twenty-five patients who had not had an arthrodesis, sixty-five years. The level of the operation was between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae in forty-one patients and between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae in nine patients. The patients were followed for a mean of three years (range, 2.4 to four years). In the patients who had had a concomitant arthrodesis, the results were significantly better with respect to relief of pain in the back and lower limbs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                neuro
                Neurocirugía
                Neurocirugía
                Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía (, , Spain )
                1130-1473
                April 2005
                : 16
                : 2
                : 142-157
                Affiliations
                [01] Burgos orgnameHospital General Yagüe orgdiv1Servicio de Neurocirugía
                Article
                S1130-14732005000200006
                10.4321/s1130-14732005000200006
                dfdd5281-e314-4c43-bbfc-d3c7cbd30d62

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 August 2004
                : 14 October 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 75, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Dolor lumbar crónico,Discopatía degenerativa,Fusión lumbar,Instrumentación espinal,Tratamientos conservadores,Low back pain,Degenerative disc disease,Lumbar fusion,Spinal instrumentation,Conservative treatments

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