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      Empathy, sympathy, and altruism—An evident triad based on compassion. A theoretical model for caring

      Author(s): 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
      Publisher: Wiley

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          Abstract

          Background

          Based on existing confusion and a suggested contradiction regarding empathy and compassion in relation to caring science as well as in clinical health care.

          Aim

          The aim of the study was to find a knowledge base for the development of clinical caring science for, empathy, sympathy altruism, and compassion and their mutual relationship.

          Design

          A theoretical paper.

          Results

          The text discusses the different concepts separately, considering their history, research, obstacles, and bias and then brings them together in a concept model. The conclusion shows that empathy, sympathy, and altruism have no contradictions. Instead, they together form an evident triad based on compassion. Compassion is a prerequisite and a basis for the others to work. In clinical application, empathy is metaphorically a quality coming from the head, sympathy from the heart and altruism from the hand, merged in an attitude of compassion as a motif to care. The paper also reflects on the possibilities to increase and develop a compassionate mood and capacity by education and training.

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          Most cited references66

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          The mirror-neuron system.

          Giacomo Rizzolatti, Laila Craighero (2004)
          A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another faculty that depends on the observation of others' actions: imitation learning. Unlike most species, we are able to learn by imitation, and this faculty is at the basis of human culture. In this review we present data on a neurophysiological mechanism--the mirror-neuron mechanism--that appears to play a fundamental role in both action understanding and imitation. We describe first the functional properties of mirror neurons in monkeys. We review next the characteristics of the mirror-neuron system in humans. We stress, in particular, those properties specific to the human mirror-neuron system that might explain the human capacity to learn by imitation. We conclude by discussing the relationship between the mirror-neuron system and language.
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            Implications for COVID-19: a systematic review of nurses’ experiences of working in acute care hospital settings during a respiratory pandemic

            Professor Fernandez, Heidi Lord, Professor Halcomb … (2020)
            Background Pandemics and epidemics are a public health emergencies that can result in substantial deaths and socio-economic disruption. Nurses play a key role in the public health response to such crises, delivering direct patient care and risk of exposure to the infectious disease. The experience of providing nursing care in this context has the potential to have significant short and long term consequences for individuals, society and the nursing profession. Objectives To synthesize and present the best available evidence on the experiences of nurses working in acute hospital settings during a pandemic. Design This review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic reviews. Data sources A structured search using CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, MedNar, ProQuest and Index to Theses was conducted. Review methods All studies describing nurses’ experiences were included regardless of methodology. Themes and narrative statements were extracted from included papers using the SUMARI data extraction tool from Joanna Briggs Institute. Results Thirteen qualitative studies were included in the review. The experiences of 348 nurses generated a total of 116 findings, which formed seven categories based on similarity of meaning. Three synthesized findings were generated from the categories: (i) Supportive nursing teams providing quality care; (ii) Acknowledging the physical and emotional impact; and (iii) Responsiveness of systematised organizational reaction. Conclusions Nurses are pivotal to the health care response to infectious disease pandemics and epidemics. This systematic review emphasises that nurses’ require Governments, policy makers and nursing groups to actively engage in supporting nurses, both during and following a pandemic or epidemic. Without this, nurses are likely to experience substantial psychological issues that can lead to burnout and loss from the nursing workforce.
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              Empathy and compassion

              Tania Singer, Olga M Klimecki, Hua Chen (2014)
              Article 0 comments Cited 182 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Title: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: Scandinavian Caring Sciences
                Publisher: Wiley
                ISSN (Print): 0283-9318
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-6712
                Publication date Created: September 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): March 21 2023
                Publication date (Print): September 2023
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 862-871
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society Karolinska Institutet Huddinge Sweden
                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/scs.13163
                SO-VID: df5c3303-7975-4bca-81bb-f4867ba3dfda
                Copyright © © 2023
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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