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      Comparação de modelos de regressão aleatória para estimação de parâmetros genéticos em caprinos leiteiros Translated title: Comparison of random regression models for the estimation of genetic parameters in dairy goats

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          Abstract

          Objetivou-se avaliar a melhor modelagem para as variâncias genética aditiva, de ambiente permanente e residual da produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) de caprinos. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressão aleatória sobre polinômios ortogonais de Legendre com diferentes ordens de ajuste e variância residual heterogênea. Consideraram-se como efeitos fixos os efeitos de grupo de contemporâneos, a idade da cabra ao parto (co-variável) e a regressão fixa da PLDC sobre polinômios de Legendre, para modelar a trajetória média da população; e, como efeitos aleatórios, os efeitos genético aditivo e de ambiente permanente. O modelo com quatro classes de variâncias residuais foi o que proporcionou melhor ajuste. Os valores do logaritmo da função de verossimilhança, de AIC e BIC apontaram para seleção de modelos com ordens mais altas (cinco para o efeito genético e sete para o efeito de ambiente permanente). Entretanto, os autovalores associados às matrizes de co-variâncias entre os coeficientes de regressão indicaram a possibilidade de redução da dimensionalidade. As altas ordens de ajuste proporcionaram estimativas de variâncias genéticas e correlações genéticas e de ambiente permanente que não condizem com o fenômeno biológico estudado. O modelo de quinta ordem para a variância genética aditiva e de sétima ordem para o ambiente permanente foi indicado. Entretanto, um modelo mais parcimonioso, de quarta ordem para o efeito genético aditivo e de sexta ordem para o efeito de ambiente permanente, foi suficiente para ajustar as variâncias nos dados.

          Translated abstract

          Random regression and Legendre polynomial (LP) of different orders were used for modeling the genetic, permanent environmental and residual variances of test day milk yield in dairy goats. The models included the fixed effects of contemporary group, age of dam at kidding as a covariate and the fixed regression of LP for the average lactation curve and the additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual as random effects. According to the values of the logarithm of the likelihood function, AIC and BIC using higher orders of LP (fifth order for the genetic effect and seventh order for the permanent environmental effect) improved the fitting of the models. The model with four classes of residual variances provided the best fit. The eigenvalues of the (co)variances matrix among the regression coefficients suggested the possibility of reducing the dimension of the models. The estimates of genetic variances and genetic and permanent environmental correlations for test day milk yields obtained from polynomials of higher orders are not biologically expected. The LP of fifth order for the addictive genetic and seventh order for the permanent environmental effects was the best fitted model. However, a LP of fourth order for the addictive genetic and of sixth order for the permanent environmental effects may be considered as a more parsimonious model for the estimation of variances of test day milk yield in dairy goats, by random regression.

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          Analysis of the inheritance, selection and evolution of growth trajectories.

          We present methods for estimating the parameters of inheritance and selection that appear in a quantitative genetic model for the evolution growth trajectories and other "infinite-dimensional" traits that we recently introduced. Two methods for estimating the additive genetic covariance function are developed, a "full" model that fully fits the data and a "reduced" model that generates a smoothed estimate consistent with the sampling errors in the data. By decomposing the covariance function into its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, it is possible to identify potential evolutionary changes in the population's mean growth trajectory for which there is (and those for which there is not) genetic variation. Algorithms for estimating these quantities, their confidence intervals, and for testing hypotheses about them are developed. These techniques are illustrated by an analysis of early growth in mice. Compatible methods for estimating the selection gradient function acting on growth trajectories in natural or domesticated populations are presented. We show how the estimates for the additive genetic covariance function and the selection gradient function can be used to predict the evolutionary change in a population's mean growth trajectory.
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            Analysis of covariance in the mixed model: higher-level, nonhomogeneous, and random regressions.

            The model generally considered in analysis of covariance has all levels of classification factors and interactions fixed, and also covariate regression coefficients fixed. Mixed models are more appropriate in most applications. A summary of estimation and hypothesis testing for analysis of covariance in the mixed model, including the case of random regression coefficients, is presented. Higher-level covariate regressions (i.e., regressions in which, for all levels of a factor or interaction, all observations on the same level have a common covariate value) are discussed. Nonestimability problems that result from defining such covariates at the levels of fixed effects are illustrated. The case of nonhomogeneous covariate regressions in the mixed model is considered in the context of interpreting predicted future differences among levels of a given factor or interaction. Nonhomogeneous regressions complicate interpretations only when they are associated with the contrast(s) of interest among fixed effects in the model. The question of whether the regressions are homogeneous is itself often of substantive interest. Different random regression coefficients associated with the levels of a random effect are also examined.
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              The use of covariance functions and random regressions for genetic evaluation of milk production based on test day records.

              In the analysis of test day records for dairy cattle, covariance functions allow a continuous change of variances and covariances of test day yields on different lactation days. The equivalence between covariance functions as an infinite dimensional extension of multivariate models and random regression models is shown in this paper. A canonical transformation procedure is proposed for random regression models in large-scale genetic evaluations. Two methods were used to estimate covariance function coefficients for first parity test day yields of Holsteins: 1) a two-step procedure fitting covariance functions to matrices with estimated genetic and residual covariances between predetermined periods of lactation and 2) REML directly from data with a random regression model. The first method gave more reliable estimates, particularly for the periphery of the trajectory. The goodness of fit of a random regression model based on covariables describing the shape of the lactation curve was nearly the same as random regression on Legendre polynomials. In the latter model, two and three regression coefficients were sufficient to fit the covariance structure for additive genetic and permanent environment, respectively. The eigenfunction pattern revealed the possibility of selection for persistency. Covariance functions can be usefully implemented in large-scale test day models by means of random regressions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbz
                Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
                R. Bras. Zootec.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia (Viçosa, MG, Brazil )
                1516-3598
                1806-9290
                October 2008
                : 37
                : 10
                : 1788-1796
                Affiliations
                [03] Viçosa MG orgnameUFV orgdiv1Departamento de Zootecnia
                [02] Jaboticabal SP orgnameUNESP orgdiv1FCAV
                [04] orgnameCNPq
                [01] orgnameUFV
                Article
                S1516-35982008001000011 S1516-3598(08)03701011
                df01307d-e132-4287-9c87-eae257ba689e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 May 2008
                : 15 December 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Melhoramento, Genética e Reprodução

                polinômios de Legendre,componentes de variância,dia do controle,modelo animal,produção de leite,animal model,Legendre polynomials,milk yield,test day,variance components

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