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      Neurofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and neurophysiological outcomes Translated title: Neurofeedback para el trastorno de estrés postraumático: revisión sistemática y metanálisis de resultados clínicos y neurofisiológicos Translated title: 创伤后应激障碍的神经反馈:临床和神经生理学结果的系统综述和元分析

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Existing treatments often fail to address the complexity of its symptoms and functional impairments resulting from severe and prolonged trauma. Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback (NFB) has emerged as a promising treatment that aims to reduce the symptoms of PTSD by modulating brain activity.

          Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of ten clinical trials to answer the question: how effective is NFB in addressing PTSD and other associated symptoms across different trauma populations, and are these improvements related to neurophysiological changes?

          Method: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses guidelines. We considered all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) involving adults with PTSD as a primary diagnosis without exclusion by type of trauma, co-morbid diagnosis, locality, or sex. Ten controlled studies were included; seven RCTs and three NRSIs with a total number of participants n = 293 (128 male). Only RCTs were included in the meta-analysis (215 participants; 88 male).

          Results: All included studies showed an advantage of NFB over control conditions in reducing symptoms of PTSD, with indications of improvement in symptoms of anxiety and depression and related neurophysiological changes. Meta-analysis of the pooled data shows a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms post-treatment SMD of −1.76 (95% CI −2.69, −0.83), and the mean remission rate was higher in the NFB group (79.3%) compared to the control group (24.4%). However, the studies reviewed were mostly small, with heterogeneous populations and varied quality.

          Conclusions: The effect of NFB on the symptoms of PTSD was moderate and mechanistic evidence suggested that NFB leads to therapeutic changes in brain functioning. Future research should focus on more rigorous methodological designs, expanded sample size and longer follow-up.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Neurofeedback (NFB) was found to have moderate beneficial effects on PTSD symptoms, and positive effects on secondary outcomes such as depression and anxiety, according to a meta-analysis of seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

          • The beneficial effects of NFB were observed across diverse populations, including those with different types of trauma (military and civilians) and from different ethnic backgrounds.

          • Results suggest that modulation of alpha rhythm might be a viable NFB protocol in patients with PTSD, as changes in neurophysiological functioning, such as connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Salience Network (SN), were observed post-NFB and were correlated with a decrease in PTSD severity.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: El trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) es una condición debilitante que afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo. Los tratamientos existentes a menudo no logran abordar la complejidad de sus síntomas y las deficiencias funcionales resultantes de un trauma grave y prolongado. El neurofeedback electroencefalográfico (NFB en su sigla en inglés) ha surgido como un tratamiento prometedor que tiene como objetivo reducir los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático mediante la modulación de la actividad cerebral.

          Objetivo: Realizamos una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis de diez ensayos clínicos para responder a la pregunta: ¿qué tan efectivo es el NFB para abordar el trastorno de estrés postraumático y otros síntomas asociados en diferentes poblaciones de trauma? ¿Estas mejoras están relacionadas con cambios neurofisiológicos?

          Método: La revisión siguió las pautas de elementos de reporte preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis (PRISMA en su sigla en inglés). Se consideraron todos los ensayos controlados, aleatorizados y no aleatorizados, publicados y no publicados, que incluyeron a adultos con trastorno de estrés postraumático como diagnóstico principal, sin exclusión por tipo de trauma, diagnóstico de comorbilidad, localidad o sexo. En esta revisión sistemática se incluyeron diez estudios controlados; siete ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) y tres estudios de intervenciones no aleatorizados (NRSI en su sigla en inglés) con un número total de participantes n = 293 (128 hombres). En el metanálisis solo se incluyeron ECA (215 participantes; 88 hombres).

          Resultados: Todos los estudios incluidos mostraron una ventaja del NFB sobre las condiciones de control para reducir los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático, con indicaciones de mejoría en los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y cambios neurofisiológicos relacionados. El metanálisis de los datos combinados muestra una reducción significativa en los síntomas de TEPT después del tratamiento, DME de −1,76 (IC del 95%: −2.69; −0.83), y la tasa media de remisión fue mayor en el grupo con NFB (79.3%) en comparación con el grupo de control (24.4%). Sin embargo, los estudios revisados ⁣⁣fueron en su mayoría pequeños, con poblaciones heterogéneas y de calidad variada.

          Conclusiones: El efecto del NFB sobre los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático fue moderado y la evidencia mecanicista sugirió que el NFB conduce a cambios terapéuticos en el funcionamiento del cerebro. Las investigaciones futuras deberían centrarse en diseños metodológicos más rigurosos, un tamaño de muestra ampliado y un seguimiento más prolongado.

          Translated abstract

          背景:创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是一种使人衰弱的疾病,影响着全世界数百万人。现有治疗方法往往无法解决其症状的复杂性以及由严重和长期创伤引起的功能障碍。脑电图神经反馈(NFB)已成为一种有前途的治疗方法,旨在通过调节大脑活动来减轻 PTSD 的症状。

          目的:我们对十项临床试验进行了系统综述和元分析,以回答以下问题: NFB 在不同创伤人群中解决 PTSD 和其他相关症状的效果如何,以及这些改善是否与神经生理改变有关?

          方法:本综述遵循系统综述和元分析首选报告项目指南。我们考虑了所有已发表和未发表的涉及成人 PTSD 为主要诊断的随机和非随机对照试验,没有按创伤类型、共病诊断、地点或性别排除。本系统综述纳入了 10 项对照研究;七项随机对照试验(RCTs)和三项干预非随机研究(NRSI),被试总数n = 293(128名男性)。元分析仅纳入了 RCT ( 215 名被试; 88 名男性)。

          结果:所有纳入的研究都表明, NFB 在减轻 PTSD 症状方面优于对照组,有迹象表明焦虑和抑郁症状以及相关的神经生理改变有所改善。汇总数据的元分析显示,治疗后 PTSD 症状 SMD 有 –1.76(95% CI −2.69,−0.83)的显著降低, NFB 组的平均缓解率 (79.3%) 高于对照组 (24.4%)。然而,所综述的研究大多规模较小,人群具有异质性,质量参差不齐。

          结论: NFB对 PTSD 症状的影响是中等的,机制证据表明 NFB 导致大脑功能的治疗变化。未来的研究应侧重于更严格的方法设计,扩大样本量和更长的随访时间。

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          ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions

          Non-randomised studies of the effects of interventions are critical to many areas of healthcare evaluation, but their results may be biased. It is therefore important to understand and appraise their strengths and weaknesses. We developed ROBINS-I (“Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions”), a new tool for evaluating risk of bias in estimates of the comparative effectiveness (harm or benefit) of interventions from studies that did not use randomisation to allocate units (individuals or clusters of individuals) to comparison groups. The tool will be particularly useful to those undertaking systematic reviews that include non-randomised studies.
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            Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.

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              Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys

              Background Traumatic events are common globally; however, comprehensive population-based cross-national data on the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paradigmatic trauma-related mental disorder, are lacking. Methods Data were analyzed from 26 population surveys in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. A total of 71 083 respondents ages 18+ participated. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed exposure to traumatic events as well as 30-day, 12-month, and lifetime PTSD. Respondents were also assessed for treatment in the 12 months preceding the survey. Age of onset distributions were examined by country income level. Associations of PTSD were examined with country income, world region, and respondent demographics. Results The cross-national lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 3.9% in the total sample and 5.6% among the trauma exposed. Half of respondents with PTSD reported persistent symptoms. Treatment seeking in high-income countries (53.5%) was roughly double that in low-lower middle income (22.8%) and upper-middle income (28.7%) countries. Social disadvantage, including younger age, female sex, being unmarried, being less educated, having lower household income, and being unemployed, was associated with increased risk of lifetime PTSD among the trauma exposed. Conclusions PTSD is prevalent cross-nationally, with half of all global cases being persistent. Only half of those with severe PTSD report receiving any treatment and only a minority receive specialty mental health care. Striking disparities in PTSD treatment exist by country income level. Increasing access to effective treatment, especially in low- and middle-income countries, remains critical for reducing the population burden of PTSD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                21 September 2023
                2023
                21 September 2023
                : 14
                : 2
                : 2257435
                Affiliations
                [a ]New South Wales Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS) , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [b ]Specialty of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [c ]Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [d ]Research and Education Network, Western Sydney Local Health District , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Mirjana Askovic Mirjana.askovic@ 123456health.nsw.gov.au STARTTS, 152-168 The Horsley Drive, Carramar, NSW 2163, Australia
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-0286
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-4925
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8617-4962
                Article
                2257435
                10.1080/20008066.2023.2257435
                10515677
                37732560
                defabc38-905f-470c-9c27-8313987c5b77
                © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 18
                Categories
                Review Article
                Review Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                systematic review,meta-analysis,ptsd,efficacy,neurofeedback,trauma,revisión sistemática,metanálisis,trastorno de estrés postraumático,eficacia,系统综述,元分析,疗效,神经反馈,创伤

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