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      Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

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          Abstract

          A substantial body of literature has provided evidence for the role of gut microbiota in metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. However, reports vary regarding the association of particular taxonomic groups with disease. In this systematic review, we focused on the potential role of different bacterial taxa affecting diabetes. We have summarized evidence from 42 human studies reporting microbial associations with disease, and have identified supporting preclinical studies or clinical trials using treatments with probiotics. Among the commonly reported findings, the genera of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia and Roseburia were negatively associated with T2D, while the genera of Ruminococcus, Fusobacterium, and Blautia were positively associated with T2D. We also discussed potential molecular mechanisms of microbiota effects in the onset and progression of T2D.

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          Akkermansia muciniphila -derived extracellular vesicles influence gut permeability through the regulation of tight junctions

          Chaithanya Chelakkot, Youngwoo Choi, Dae-Kyum Kim … (2018)
          The gut microbiota has an important role in the gut barrier, inflammation and metabolic functions. Studies have identified a close association between the intestinal barrier and metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, Akkermansia muciniphila has been reported as a beneficial bacterium that reduces gut barrier disruption and insulin resistance. Here we evaluated the role of A. muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles (AmEVs) in the regulation of gut permeability. We found that there are more AmEVs in the fecal samples of healthy controls compared with those of patients with T2D. In addition, AmEV administration enhanced tight junction function, reduced body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice. To test the direct effect of AmEVs on human epithelial cells, cultured Caco-2 cells were treated with these vesicles. AmEVs decreased the gut permeability of lipopolysaccharide-treated Caco-2 cells, whereas Escherichia coli-derived EVs had no significant effect. Interestingly, the expression of occludin was increased by AmEV treatment. Overall, these results imply that AmEVs may act as a functional moiety for controlling gut permeability and that the regulation of intestinal barrier integrity can improve metabolic functions in HFD-fed mice.
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            Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei Reduce Gut Microbial Lipopolysaccharide Production and Inhibit Atherosclerosis

            Naofumi Yoshida, Takuo Emoto, Tomoya Yamashita … (2018)
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              Gut commensal Bacteroides acidifaciens prevents obesity and improves insulin sensitivity in mice

              J. Y. Yang, Y Lee, Y. Kim … (2016)
              In humans, the composition of gut commensal bacteria is closely correlated with obesity. The bacteria modulate metabolites and influence host immunity. In this study, we attempted to determine whether there is a direct correlation between specific commensal bacteria and host metabolism. As mice aged, we found significantly reduced body weight and fat mass in Atg7ΔCD11c mice when compared with Atg7f/f mice. When mice shared commensal bacteria by co-housing or feces transfer experiments, body weight and fat mass were similar in both mouse groups. By pyrosequencing analysis, Bacteroides acidifaciens (BA) was significantly increased in feces of Atg7ΔCD11c mice compared with those of control Atg7f/f mice. Wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice fed with BA were significantly more likely to gain less weight and fat mass than mice fed with PBS. Of note, the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) was consistently increased in the adipose tissues of Atg7ΔCD11c mice, B6 mice transferred with fecal microbiota of Atg7ΔCD11c mice, and BA-fed B6 mice. Furthermore, B6 mice fed with BA showed elevated insulin levels in serum, accompanied by increased serum glucagon-like peptide-1 and decreased intestinal dipeptidyl peptidase-4. These finding suggest that BA may have potential for treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andrey Morgun
                Natalia Shulzhenko
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): EBioMedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): EBioMedicine
                Title: EBioMedicine
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2352-3964
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: January 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 January 2020
                Volume: 51
                Electronic Location Identifier: 102590
                Affiliations
                [a ]Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th street, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
                [b ]Colleges of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
                [c ]Colleges of Public Health, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors: 1601 SW Jefferson Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. andriy.morgun@ 123456oregonstate.edu natalia.shulzhenko@ 123456oregonstate.edu
                [1]

                Equal contribution.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2352-3964(19)30800-X Publisher ID: 102590
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.051
                PMC ID: 6948163
                PubMed ID: 31901868
                SO-VID: dea52e96-9493-4955-b291-69b2470ff762
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 17 May 2019
                Date revision received : 14 November 2019
                Date accepted : 29 November 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: type 2 diabetes,microbiota,16s rrna,metagenomics,insulin resistance
                Data availability:
                Keywords: type 2 diabetes, microbiota, 16s rrna, metagenomics, insulin resistance

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